CLASS AVES (BIRDS). 341 



Toes not webbed ; suited for walking or perching. 



Chiefly terrestrial ; legs short ; claws and beak stout, 



Order Gallincz. 



Examples: Chicken, turkeys, guinea-fowl, pea-fowl, quail, 

 grouse. 

 Chiefly aerial and in trees. 



Two toes forward and two backward Order Pici. 



Examples: Woodpeckers; sap-suckers, flickers, horn- 

 bill. (The parrots, the cuckoos, and some others 

 belong near here.) 

 Three toes forward. 



Claws strong, curved and sharp ; beak hooked, 



Order Raptores (preying birds) . 

 Examples: Eagles, falcons, hawks, vultures, owls. 

 Claws short and blunt ; beak weak and straight, 



Order Columba. 



Examples: D.oves and pigeons. 



Claws long, weak, slightly curved for perching; beak 

 nearly straight; legs slender; usually with singing 



apparatus Order Passeres (perchers) . 



Examples: Crows, jays, finches, thrushes, warblers, 

 etc. 



337. Topics for Themes in Zoology and English. i. 



Compare the flight of the buzzard, the woodpecker, and 

 the quail. ' . 



2. The rate of flight in birds. The length of time they 

 may remain on the wing. 



3. The social and gregarious instincts of birds. Are 

 their social habits different at different seasons? 



4. The annual succession of instincts in birds: the 

 preliminary migration; mating; nest building; laying; 

 sitting; care of the young? then what? 



5. What birds of your locality are permanent residents? 

 Summer residents? Winter residents? Migrants (stop- 

 ping only a short time in spring and autumn as they pass 

 through) ? 



6. Make a general study of migrations among birds, 

 collecting the facts as to range of migration, place of 



