MAN. 371 



should really be placed in one species, although if we 

 follow them back far enough they probably had a common 

 origin. The pigmies of Africa or the Negritos of the 

 Philippines are more removed from the Caucasian than is 

 true of many separate species of the wild animals, and 

 the differences are both characteristic and constant. The 

 varieties of men are innumerable, but there is a tendency 

 to group them all under three main heads which we may 

 call: (i) The white or Caucasian; (2) the yellow or 

 Monogolian, and (3) the black or African. To these are 

 often added the red or native American, and certain 

 island and peninsular types that do not agree very well 

 with any of the others. The most striking external 

 differences are: The color of the skin, the structure and 

 appearance of the hair, the form of the nose (which is also 

 used in distinguishing the apes), the form of the jaw and 

 skull, and the character of the language. Under the 

 Caucasian race are included the wavy-haired peoples, 

 as the chief European peoples, the Egyptians, the Jews, 

 the Arabs, the East Indians, and the peoples of the Cau- 

 casus who give the name to the race. The Mongolians 

 \vould include the straight-haired, yellowish and brownish 

 varieties, as the Chinese, Mongols, Manchus, Tartars, 

 Japanese, Turks, Finns, and possibly the native American 

 tribes, as Esquimo, Indians, and the South and Central 

 American peoples. The black or negro race includes 

 many tropical forms dark in color and with wavy or 

 frizzly hair. Such are, the dwarf Negrillos of central 

 Africa; the Hottentots and Bushmen; the Negroes of the 

 Nile, of the Senegambia, and of Guinea; the Caffres, 

 Zulus, and other tribes of the east coast; and many others. 

 The great number of these human races, or varieties, 

 is an evidence of the long time man has been on the earth 



