MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLORAL ORGANS 119 



greater distinction of the terms employed for them and the re- 

 duction of these terms to a single word. The term lemma was first 

 used by C. V. Piper.* 



Linnaeus called the glumes the calyx, and the lemma and palea 

 the corolla, to coordinate the terms with those used in other groups 

 of plants. The individual glumes, lemmas and paleas he called 

 valves. He speaks of the calyx of Panicum as being 1-flowered and 

 3-valved; of the corolla as being 2-valved; the calyx of Phleum is 

 1-flowered and 2-valved; the calyx of Poa is 2-valved but contains 

 many flowers; the calyx of Uniola is 6-valved (referring to the 

 several empty bracts at the base of the spikelet) and contains many 

 flowers. 



According to Kunth, the spikelet of Sporobolus consists of 2 

 glumes and 2 paleas; Panicum of 2 glumes, a lower masculine or 

 neutral flower with 1 or 2 paleas and an upper perfect flower with 

 2 paleas. 



Gray (Man., ed. 5) uses the same terminology as Kunth. 

 Watson (Gray, Man., ed. 6) uses the terms empty glumes and 

 flowering glumes. 



Bentham (Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI.) calls all the bracts of the 

 spikelet glumes and applies the term palea properly. If the glume 

 incloses a flower it is a flowering glume, otherwise an empty glume. 

 Hence the spikelet of Sporobolus is said to have 3 glumes, 2 empty 

 and 1 flowering; of Panicum to have 4 glumes, the fourth and some- 

 times the third a flowering glume. 



Stapf. (Fl. Cap.) uses the terms glumes; valves for lemmas, and 

 pales for paleas. 



The spikelet described above may be considered 

 typical and represents the usual structure in the tribe 

 Festucese. There are many departures from this type 

 form, however. The glumes may be 1 or none ; the flowers 

 in the spikelet may be reduced to 1 or to 1 perfect flower 

 with additional staminate or sterile flowers above or 

 below; the glumes or lemmas may be modified in various 

 ways; or the whole spikelet may be sterile. These modi- 



*Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 8. March 30, 1906. 

 Science, N. S. 23: 790. May 18, 1906. 



