RACIAL MENTAL DIFFERENCES 299 



apparent than real. It consists rather in the acceptance of 

 the material products of the modifying civilization than an 

 acceptance of the civilization itself. Thus the Turks borrow 

 our big guns, but not our ideals ; our ironclad ships but not 

 our enlightenment. A change from a lower to a higher civiliz- 

 ation consists in fact and in essence of a mental not a 

 material change. There must be an increase of knowledge, 

 and not only that, but, more especially, a modification in the 

 mental tone. 



474. The supreme importance of the mental tones acquired 

 under the influence of religion is extremely well shown in 

 the case of conquered nations. To take again the example 

 of the Mahomedans : all those nations, which were conquered 

 by them and which adopted the Mahomedan religion, now 

 possess the Mahomedan type of mind, and with it the 

 Mahomedan civilization; but those which did not adopt 

 the religion remain mentally distinct for example the 

 Armenians, most of the Hellenes, the Bulgarians, Servians, 

 and Roumanians. In India, Mahomedans contrast sharply 

 with Hindoos, and in Central Asia with Buddhists. 



475. Many Teutonic invasions, Norse, Danish, Saxon, 

 English, have penetrated Ireland. A large portion of the 

 aboriginal Celts were displaced or exterminated. The earlier 

 invaders adopted the Roman Catholic religion. They can- 

 not now be distinguished from the natives in common with 

 whom they have the so-called Celtic temperament. The 

 last invaders were Protestants. They are easily distinguish- 

 able, being eminently " Teutonic " in mind. Indeed, in 

 journeying through Ireland a glance from a carriage- window 

 is almost sufficient to discover, by the evidence of material 

 prosperity, whether the district is orthodox or heretical. 

 Much the same is observable in Switzerland. In Russia 

 the neatness and prosperity of the Lutheran villages as 

 compared with the poverty and neglect which characterize 

 the Greek Church communities affords plain and striking 

 evidence of mental differences. The departure of the in- 

 dustrious and progressive Huguenots to England seriously 

 crippled France in her struggle with the rival power. It 

 left her poorer by the loss of wealth-giving resource and 

 energy. 



476. History affords numerous examples of races changing 

 their characteristics, and with them their civilization. In 

 almost every case the change was associated with a change 

 in religion ; in the remaining cases it was associated with 

 a change in mental training which was equivalent to a 



