PROTOZOA 415 



times the diameter of the corpuscle. In fresh preparations of 

 the blood, very active corkscrew motility and definite lateral 

 oscillation are observed. In stained preparations no definite 

 cellular structure can be made out, the cell body appearing 

 homogeneous, except in degenerated individuals, in which ir- 

 regular granulation or beading has been observed. Flagella 

 have been described by various observers. Novy and Knapp x 

 believe that the organisms possess only one terminal flagellum. 

 Zettnow, 2 on the other hand, claims to have demonstrated 

 lateral flagella by special methods of staining. Norris, Pap- 

 penheimer, and Flournoy, 3 in smears stained by polychrome 

 methods, have described long, filamentous tapering ends which 

 they interpreted as bipolar, terminal flagella, never observing 

 more than one at each end. Spores are not found. It has not 

 been successfully cultivated artificially but Novy and Knapp 

 kept it alive in original blood for forty days. 



TREPONEMA (SPIROCHAETA) PALLID A SCHAUDINN. 



T. pallida, the cause of syphilis, is the most important 

 spirochaeta affecting man. It was discovered by Schaudinn 4 

 in 1905. It is found in preparations made from lesions of 

 that disease. 



Morphology. Treponema pallida is an extremely delicate 

 undulating filament measuring from four to ten /x in length, 

 with an average of seven /*, and varying in thickness from an 

 immeasurable delicacy to about 0.5 /x. It is thus distinctly 

 smaller and more delicate than the spirochaete of relapsing 

 fever. Existing in fresh preparations it is distinctly motile, 

 its movements consisting of a rotation about the long axis, 

 gliding movements backward and forward, and, occasionally, 

 a bending of the whole body. Its convolutions, as counted by 

 Schaudinn, vary from 3 to 12 and differ from those observed 



'Novy and Knapp. Jour, of Infec. Diseases, Vol. Ill (1906) 

 p. 291. 



2 Zettnow. Deut. med. Woch., Bd. XXXII (1906). 



3 Norris, Pappenheimer and Flournoy. Jour, of Inf. Diseases, 

 Vol. Ill (1906) p. 266. 



4 Schaudinn and Hoffman. Arb. a. d. Kais. Gesundheitsamte, 

 Bd. XXII (1905) p. 529. 



