GENERAL PRINCIPLES 



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useful material from the earth, the soil, or the water. They are 

 hunting, fishing, farming and stock raising, lumbering, and 

 mining. The secondary industries are those which handle and 

 make over the materials furnished by the primary industries 

 and bring them to a place where they can be used, or change 

 them into a form which is more desirable, or store them till a 

 time when they are more needed. They are transporting, manu- 

 facturing, and merchandising. Personal and professional services 

 are all services which, though of the highest utility, are not en- 

 gaged directly in producing or handling material commodities. 

 The barber, the physician, the teacher, the musician, and a great 

 many others are performing services of this class. 



The fundamental industries. Those industries which extract 

 useful materials from the physical world are always the funda- 

 mental, as they were the original, sources of subsistence. We 

 know very little about the primitive state of man, but it is reason- 

 able to suppose that he got his living by gathering such edible 

 fruits and herbs as grew spontaneously without cultivation, by 

 hunting wild animals, or by fishing. In this stage the economic 

 life of man did not differ greatly from that of the lower animals. 

 His success depended, as did theirs, upon his finding enough 

 of these natural products for his nourishment. But while the 

 animals have continued to take the natural world as they find it, 

 and to live or die according as they find or fail to find natural 

 products ready for their use, men have assumed the active role 

 and have transformed their environment to suit their own needs. 

 With the exception of such elementary processes as the digging of 

 burrows, the building of nests, and, in the case of the beavers, the 

 construction of somewhat elaborate shelters, animals have made 

 no attempts to improve their natural surroundings. Whatever 

 primitive man may have done, the lowest races known to-day do 

 more than the animals in this direction. They not only construct 

 shelters, they fashion tools and weapons, they build fires, and, 



