vill PRINCIPLES OF RURAL ECONOMICS 



PAGE 



Clover and turnips, 53 ; Great rural enterprises, 53 ; Parallel develop- 

 ment in other industries, 54; Agricultural improvement; Jethro Tull, 55; 

 " Turnip Townshend," 55 ; Coke of Holkham, 56 ; Gentlemen farmers, 

 56 ; Arthur Young, 57 ; The breeding of live stock ; English breeds 

 of cattle, 57 ; Bakewell and the Longhorns, 59 ; The Colling brothers 

 and Shorthorn cattle, 60 ; Benjamin Tompkins and the Herefords, 61 ; 

 The Thoroughbred, 61 ; Draft horses, 62. 



III. BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. The main periods, 63 ; 

 What we owe to the Indians, 64 ; How the colonists got land, 64 ; The 

 land system of Virginia, 64; How the land was surveyed, 65; Land specu- 

 lation, 66; The land system of New England, 66; Commons, 67 ; Land 

 system of the middle colonies, 67 ; The labor supply, 68 ; Indentured 

 servants, 69 ; Negro slaves, 69 ; Early experiments, 70 ; Live stock, 7 1 ; 

 Rural life during the colonial era, 72. 



IV. THE ERA OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, i. From 7776 to 1833. The 

 Conquest of the Great Forest. The shifting of the frontier, 74 ; The public- 

 land policy, 74 ; Transition from a financial to a social policy, 74 ; The rec- 

 tangular system of surveying, 7 5 ; Allodial tenure, 7 7 ; The rise of the cotton 

 industry, 78; Effect on slavery, 79; The mule, 81 ; Westward migration, 81; 

 Farm implements, 82 ; Agricultural societies, 82 ; Improvements in live 

 stock; the horse, 82; Sheep, 83; Hogs and the pork-packing industry, 83. 



2. The Period of Transformation. Magnitude of the change, 84; Causes of 

 the transformation, 86 ; The prairies, 86 ; Agricultural machinery, 87 ; 

 Live stock, horses, 88; Hogs, 88; Abandoned farms, 88; Sheep and 

 cattle, 90; Dairying, 91. 



3. The Period of Westward Expansion. Progress in the North unchecked by 

 the Civil War, 93 ; Expansion of farm area, 94 ; Agricultural disorganiza- 

 tion, 96 ; Agricultural discontent, 97 ; Railroads, 98 ; Machinery, 99 ; The 

 roller process, 99 ; Corn growing, 100; Cattle ranching, 101 ; The cattle 

 trail, 102; Dairying, 104; Reorganization of the cotton industry, 106; 

 Agricultural credit, 107. 



4. The Period of Reorganization. Transition from extensive to intensive 

 farming, no; Stock raising, in ; The migration of the wheat belt, 113; 

 Growth of tenancy, 114; Agricultural education, 115. 



CHAPTER III. THE FACTORS OF AGRICULTURAL PRO- 

 DUCTION 117 



I. LAND AS A FACTOR OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. Dependence 

 of agriculture upon area, 117 ; Law of diminishing returns, 118 ; An agri- 

 cultural vs. a manufacturing and commercial policy, 119; Dependence 

 of manufactures upon markets, 120; Dependence of agriculture upon 



