FACTORS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 129 



city growth. The most conspicuous examples are the lumber 

 and mining camps. 



Shifting from rural to urban industries. Seldom, if ever, in 

 the history of the civilized world have there been general and 

 long-continued movements of population from urban to rural 

 districts. Occasional and temporary movements there have been, 

 bu: such cases usually result from a deliberate policy of coloni- 

 zation, by means of which a city gets rid of its surplus popula- 

 tio.i by sending a body of colonists to occupy a territory acquired 

 by purchase, treaty, or conquest ; from the opening up of new 

 lands or agricultural resources, by means of which people are 

 attracted from the city to the country ; or from a commercial 

 cataclysm, by means of which a city's trade is- destroyed, its sub- 

 sistence cut off, and its inhabitants forced to disperse. 



Relation of colonization to national greatness. One of the 

 most interesting of all fields of study is the relation of the ex- 

 pansion of a people, through emigration and colonization, to 

 national greatness. As a matter of fact every great nation has 

 been a colonizing nation. The colonization, however, is prob- 

 ably more the effect than the cause of national greatness. A 

 great nation must be made up of vigorous and efficient people. 

 Such people make successful colonists for the simple reason 

 that, when they emigrate and come into competition with out- 

 lying races, they can beat these outlying races in the arts of pro- 

 duction. Having greater physical vigor and energy, a higher 

 degree of mentality, and a more complete knowledge of and 

 control over the forces of nature, and especially having a moral 

 development of a more productive kind, which enables them to 

 work together more efficiently, with less waste of energy due to 

 distrust and suspicion of one another, with a keener sense of 

 strict; justice and less disposition to sacrifice the interests of so- 

 cie.t) for the weak and inefficient, such a nation easily spreads 

 over outlying lands and conquers them, not necessarily or 



