MANAGEMENT 269 



prevail principally where labor is dear and hard to get. At 

 the same time, this extensive use of machinery requires a 

 higher kind of labor than that which can be utilized where 

 muscular strength is employed. This required superiority of 

 labor is both moral and intellectual, but primarily moral; that 

 is, greater steadiness of habit, reliability, and resourcefulness 

 are required. 



Buildings. One of the greatest causes of waste energy on 

 the average farm is the lack of proper buildings and the bad 

 arrangement of those already erected. It is easy to condemn 

 farmers in a new country for their slipshod methods, partic- 

 ulaily for the somewhat prevalent custom of allowing tools 

 and machinery to remain exposed to the weather when not in 

 use. It is not always so easy, when you come to try it, to show 

 them, in dollars and cents, just how they would save money by 

 building houses to shelter their implements. The high cost of 

 building materials and labor in a new country, the lack of capital 

 and the high rate of interest, together with the rapidity with which 

 tools deteriorate even when kept under shelter, furnish an expla- 

 nation of, even if they do not justify, the absence of buildings. 

 But these difficulties are of course outgrown in an older country, 

 and farmers are no longer thus reproached for carelessness. 



The bad arrangement of buildings, necessitating a great many 

 extra steps in the perennial job of doing chores, is a problem 

 not so easily solved as that of the mere absence of buildings in 

 a n< w country. It is too intricate a problem to discuss at length 

 here, even if the author had the necessary knowledge, which he 

 has not. It may prove suggestive, however, to merely mention 

 characteristic arrangements which are to be seen in different 

 countries. One of the most interesting is that found through- 

 out northern France, particularly in Normandy and Picardy. 

 All the farm buildings, including the dwelling, are built solidly 

 around a central square or farmyard, and all face inward. This 



