30 DRAINAGE. 



vent its adoption. Where rooms interfere, air shafts of two feet in diameter 

 should be carried up through the ceiling and intervening rooms to the out- 

 side of the roof. A board should be placed about six inches below the bot- 

 tom of each air shaft to break and diffuse the draught ; and the top of the 

 shaft should be protected by a cowl or louvre boards. When merely a loft 

 intervenes, it should be removed, or at least thrown open in the centre, and 

 proper ventilation and light thus secured through the roof. If, however, as 

 is often the case in towns, circumstances or perhaps the covenants of the 

 lease, even though no buildings interfere, .prohibit the making of windows, 

 apertures nine inches by six should be opened in the wall near the ceiling 

 on both sides. These apertures may be protected by an iron grating to 

 break the draught. If the owner objects to the expense of any such altera- 

 tions, he may at least have ventilating panes put in the windows and gratings 

 in the doors, or insist on the windows being left partially open both by day 

 and night. The horses' coats may suffer from the amount of air thus rudely 

 introduced by this latter plan, but their health will improve." 



DRAINAGE. 



The drainage and other sanitary conditions are next in 

 importance. The flooring of the stable should be above the 

 level of the ground outside, and it is advisable to have an air 

 space under the building, either open or enclosed. A free 

 conduit from the stalls, wash-stands and troughs, terminating 

 in a cesspool or sewer pipe, is necessary for the removal of 

 refuse, dirt, etc. These drains should be so constructed that 

 they can be thoroughly cleaned by flushing and with brooms, 

 etc. The drain should run for some distance on the surface, 

 be U-shaped in form and made of some non-porous material 

 such as tile, chiselled stone or wrought iron. (Cast-iron 

 drains do not stand rough wear and tear, and are constantly 

 breaking.) If the drains are almost closed at the top they 

 become choked, and, if they receive proper attention, are a 

 source of constant care. 



