68 Dr. W. C. M'Intosh on the 



XII.— On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of 

 St. Andrews. By W. C. M'Intosh. 



[Continued from a'oL xiii. p. 432.J 



• Sntkingdom ANNUL OS A, 



Series I. ANNULOIDA. 



Class ECHINODERMATA. 



The Echinoderms of St. Andrews, tliough plentiful, are hj 

 no means remarkable, being tbose generally distributed over the 

 north-east coast. We do not find the rosy feather, the bird's- 

 foot, and the little cushion starfishes so abundant on the south- 

 ern and western shores, the former extending to the tangles 

 of Shetland and far into the Atlantic. The beautiful pale 

 bluish-purple Asterias glacialis, so common imder littoral 

 stones at Herm, and the great Liddia Savignii of the sur- 

 rounding clu-rents are absent (though the former occasionally 

 occurs on the east coast of Scotland) ; and so is Asterias 

 Mulleri of the Hebridean lochs. The northern waters are 

 further distinguished by the piper [Cidaris papillata) and 

 swarms of Echinus norvegicus ; and the southern by the 

 splendid condition of the purple, Fleming's, and the silky- 

 spined urchins. The profusion of sea-cucumbers characteristic 

 of certain parts affords another contrast : thus, as tnily said 

 by Prof. Edward Forbes, the giant of the race seems to have 

 rallied all his subjects around him in the rich tangle-forests 

 of the Zetlandic voes. The vast numbers of Synapta tenera- 

 on the muddy banks of the numerous islets in the Sound of 

 Harris is distinctive, just as the abundance of Synapta Gal- 

 liennii (which the Rev. Mr. Norman seems inclined to link 

 on to S. inhcerens) is in Belgrave Bay, Guernsey, and a large 

 brownish-pm-ple species on the south-west coast of Ireland. 



The places of the rare are- filled by a multitude of the 

 common forms, which abound on the beach after storms, and 

 under stones between tide-marks, or are dredged in the sur- 

 roimding waters. The ease with which the development of 

 the young of this group can be observed opens up an excellent 

 field for future investigators. 



I have to thank the Rev. A. M. Norman for his kind 

 assistance in revising the following list, and determining 

 several Holothuroidea. 



