352 Kojima 



holism. Mannsfeld and Miiller (3) found an increase of protein meta- 

 bolism in thja'oidectomised animals. They regard this as due to deficiency 

 of oxygen and as related to the operation, since they found that a similar 

 increase is produced by compression of the carotids. They were unable 

 to observe any effect on their thyroidectomised animals as the result of 

 feeding with thyroid tablets (Parke, Davis & Co.). 



Parathyroidectomy. — As a result of parathyroidectomy, Iselin (4) 

 noticed an abnormality in the growth of the bones (rats). Erdheim (5), 

 Hohlbaum (6), Toyofuku (7), and others have described insufficient 

 calcification of the dentine, with hypoplasia of the enamel substance, in the 

 teeth of rats. Morel (8) found that healing of bone fractures is delayed. 

 M'Callum and Voegtlin (9) noticed an increased output of calcium in 

 the urine and faeces in dogs during tetany, accompanied by a decrease of 

 the calcium content of the brain and blood. Cooke (10), however, states 

 that the calcium output in the urine does not increase in tetany, although 

 he obtained augmentation of magnesium output. Noel Paton (10a) 

 confirms Cooke with regard to the calcium content of the urine: he 

 also finds that there is no appreciable change in the calcium content of 

 the blood. Greenwald (11) states that the increase of nitrogen in dogs 

 only occurs after the appearance of tetany following the parathyroidectomy. 

 He found the ratio of urea N to total N to be decreased, whilst the pro- 

 portion of N which was excreted in the urine in the form of NH3 was 

 very little if at all increased. He further obtained an increased elimination 

 in the urine of nitrogenous constituents of an unknown nature (undeter- 

 mined N). According to Cooke (12), both partial parathyroidectomy and 

 partial thyroidectomy cause an increase of excretion of N and of NH3, 

 and the ratio of urea N to total N is diminished to a greater extent than 

 is accounted for by an increase of NH3 excretion. Cooke for the most 

 part used fasting animals, while Greenwald's animals were kept on a 

 fixed diet. 



Thyroid Feeding. — The effects of thyroid feeding upon metabolism 

 have been studied by a number of authors, but their results do not agree. 

 In dogs most observers have found a decrease in body-weight (Scholtz (14), 

 Roos (15), Richter (16), Schondorf f (17), Georgiewsky (18), Gluzinski 

 and Lemberger (19), Voit (20), Oswald (21), and others). Farrant (22) 

 found loss of weight in cats and rabbits. Peiser (23) describes individual 

 differences as occurring in rats. In one type there was an increase in 

 weight ; in a second the weight increased for some time, but after about 

 four weeks of feeding it rapidly decreased until death ; while in a third 

 group the weight decreased gradually as the result of feeding, and there 

 was no preliminary increase. When about one-third of the original weight 

 was lost, death resulted. It occasionally happened that in the first two 

 types there was slight decrease in weight for the first few days. Carlson, 

 Rooks, and M'Kie (24) obtained in rats a loss of weight as the result of 



