Miscella n eons. 103 



descriptiou by a picture (type-figure) the protograph. It is 

 obviously more easy to identify actual types from the kitier than 

 from the former. 



Primaet Types (Proterotjrpes). 



Material upon which original descriptions of species are based. 



IJolohipe 'H.T. j. The only specimen possessed by the nomenclator 



at the time ; the one specimen definitely selected or indi- 

 cated by the nomenclator as " the type " ; the one specimen 

 which is the basis for a given or cited protograph. 



8mit]ipp (more coriect than Cotupe) [S.T. ]. A specimen of the 



original series, when there is no holotj'pe. 

 Parafype (p.T. )• A specimen of the original series, when there is 



a holotype. 



Lectotype (I^.T. ]. A syntype chosen, subsequently to the original 



description, to take the place which in other cases a holotype 

 occupies. (AckTos, chosen, picked.) 



Sdpplemextary Types (Apotypes, vice Hypotupe in use). 



Material upon which supplementary descriptions of species 

 are based. 



Heautot3rpe (vice Autotype, in use) (H.t. j. A specimen identi- 

 fied with an already described and named species, selected 

 by the nomenclator himself in illustration of his species, 

 such specimen not being recognizable as one of the protero- 

 types. (eavTou, of his own.) 



Plcslotype ( P.t. ). A specimen identified with an already described 



and named species, but not selected by the nomenclator 

 himself. 



Ncotype ( N.t. ). A specimen identified with an already described 



and named species, selected to be the standard of reference 

 in cases when the proterotypes are lost, destroyed, or too 



