658 Mr. K. Andersen on the Specks and 



— Three of these species [Rh. ajfjnis, ferriim-equmum, Pear- 

 soni) are most probably of Himalayan or, at least, Indo- 

 Chinese origin ; Rh. cornutus has no closer relative than the 

 Himalayan Rh. minor ; Rh.monoceros, known from Formosa 

 only, is a modification of the Himalayan Rh. suhhadius. 

 Thus, five out of the seven species point westwards ; with 

 the two remaining, Rh. Rouxi and Rh. lanosus, the case is 

 different — the former species, though also found throughout 

 the Himalayas, is most closely related to Rh. borneensis^ the 

 latter to the Bornean Rh. sedulus. 



South Korea, Loo-choo Islands, and Japan proper : — 

 Rh. ferrum-equinuni nippon; Rh. cornutus. — Both species are 

 undoubtedly immigrants from China. 



Himalayas: — Rh. Rouxi tj/picus, Rh. offinis hinmlayanus, 

 Rh. ferrum-equinum tragatus and requlus ; Rh. monticoli, 

 Rh. minor {?), Rh. suhbadius ; Rh. perniger; Rh. rnacrotisj 

 Rh. Pearsoni typicus. — Four of these species {Rh. affinis, 

 ferrum-equinum, niacrotis, Pearsoni) may very likely be of 

 Himalayan origin ; the two former have spread far beyond 

 this tract. Rh. monticola, minor (?), and suhbadius may also, 

 as species, be of Himalayan origin, but tliey liave slightly 

 more primitive allies in the Indian Peninsula. Rh. Rouxiis, 

 as already stated, probably an immigrant from east, derived 

 from the borneensis type. Rh. perniger is most closely related 

 to Rh. geminus from Java. 



The Himalayan and Indo-Chinese Subregion (in- 

 cluding Korea and Japan). — Of 69 species known, 14 («'. e. 

 20 per cent.) occur in this subregion, but one of them {Rh. 

 coelophyllus) is probably a direct immigrant from south. The 

 four forms of the simplex group {Rouxi, Thomasi, affinis, 

 ferrum-equinum) have, most probably, as species originated 

 within the area ; when traced back to their remotest origin, 

 they are descendants of a more eastern type. The same is 

 the case with the representatives of the philippinensis group 

 {lanosus, perniger'). The five species of the lepidus group 

 {monticola, minor, cornutus, suhbadius, monoceros) seem to 

 have a slightly more primitive relative in tlie Indian Penin- 

 sula. Rh. macrotis is the only Indo-Chinese species which I 

 fail to trace back to any other known type of the gonus"^; 

 it may be the very primitive survivor of a genuine (autoch- 

 thonous) Himalayan type; in any case, its origin evidently 



* It is liiglily probable that the macrotis type originated from an 

 ancient philipjnnensis-like bat which had not acquired the peculiar 

 specializatiftn of the nose-leaves characteristic of all the now-existing 

 representatives oi the philipjnnensis group (see my paper on the Bh. ma- 

 crotis group, he. cit. pp. 290-292). 



