Canadian Forestry Magasin^, August-Septcuiber, ip20. 



139 



stages occupying several hundred years 

 before the original forest comes back 

 after severe cutting operations and es- 

 pecially after fires, and this is the funda- 

 mental reason that logging operations 

 must be directed with intelligence and 

 technical knowledge if our forests are 

 to be -kept continuously productive in 

 ;erms of valuable species, and the rea- 

 son, too. that adequate fire protection is 

 absolutely essential to any plans for con- 

 tinuous supply of timber. 



Jl'oods Experience 



In the third year also especial atten- 

 tion is given to the economic and indus- 

 trial aspects of the forest, in particular 

 the methods of converting the forests of 

 the country into current wealth. The 

 various steps in the creation of w^ealth 

 by the application of labor to the forest 

 resources are followed from the cutting 

 of the tree to the production of paper 

 or of a shoelast, or whatever the final 

 product may be. Forest labor is dis- 

 cussed, its character, length of employ- 

 ment and methods of payment, together 

 with workman's compensation acts. The 

 students come in contact with the tools 

 commonly used in bushwork. The ad- 

 vantages of the various types of axes 

 and saws are demonstrated by actual 

 use. The methods of felling and log- 

 making and the organization of crews 

 are studied in contact with such work. 

 The organization and equipment of a 

 logging camp are explaineil and later the 

 students learn to a])preciate certain 

 characteristics of the average bunkhouse 

 by living in one for several weeks.. The 

 students learn how logdecks are ma-'e 

 and how the logs are taken down to die 

 l.'indings for transport by rail or water. 

 riie\' learn the relative costs and ad- 

 \antages of aerial tramways, forest rail- 

 roads, river driving and rafting and the 

 api)lieabilit\- of the varioiis types of 

 transport to tlie mill to the different for- 

 est regions of the count r\-. 



f.carniiii:; thr Mtirlcrts 



The methods of maim f.uMure ;iiid use 

 ot the \arioiis lort'st ])ro'hu"ls folliiw \\\c 

 a])o\'e as a natural se(|ueiiee. I lere t'-' 

 olijeet is not oiil\- to gi\e the fores' r\' 

 student an intimate know leil^ie of llie 



final markets and uses of Cara ian 

 woods, but also to give him an rn 'er- 

 standing of the various factors that enter 

 into the cost of production. The stu- 

 dents are required to visit and make re- 

 ports upon the organization, equipment 

 and production of saw mills, the grading 

 and piling of lumber, upon the manu- 

 facture of cross ties, poles, posts and 

 ])iling, of flooring and siding, shingles 

 an-l laths ; upon the production of coop- 

 erage, veneers, boxes, matches, excelsior 

 and various wooden-ware products. 

 They are required to give special study 

 to the rapidly developing wood pulp and 

 paper industry. The processes of manu- 

 facture of mechanical and chemical pulp 

 and their conversion into various grades 

 of paper are studied in detail. 



The Function of Forestry 



I'nless the tearing down processes are 

 equalled or exceeded in volume bv the 

 building up processes, life will cease, 

 and so it is with the forest unless wood 

 material equivalent in amount to the 

 enormous quantities removed each vear 

 in the form of lumber and pulpwood. is 

 replaced each year by new growth, the 

 forest will cease — at least as" a commer- 

 cial asset. To recujX'rate. to regenerate, 

 to restore is the function of the forester. 

 His greatest and most important work 

 is through intelligent direction of cut- 

 ting and logging operations to replace 

 the annual loss through the agencv of 

 the axe and disease, windfall and fire i'l 

 tlie forests wliioli nature lias already 

 created tree of eliarge. A part oi Ills 

 work, however, i^ to create forests anew 

 on worn out farm hmds and on area-; 

 wliere forests have l)een completely de- 

 stroyed by repeated tires. I'orestry 

 students are thoroughh prejiared for 

 this kind of work.. They learn about 

 tile adaptability of different species for 

 planting under the different climatic and 

 soil conditions in the various parts of the 

 count r\. riie\ are taught methods of 

 Iireparing the nursery, raising and car- 

 ina' for the young trees. Tliex learn the 

 different practices in field planting. At 

 ihi' eonipletion of the subject, their l)ook 

 know led;.;e is reinforced b\ a week or 

 ten days of .utnal work in the ( )ntario 

 liroxiiieial nurseries. 



