28 POULTRY DISEASES 



tliL' live'i'. This ligament assists in holding tlie liver in posi- 

 tion. IMost species of birds are provided with a gall l)ladder, 

 which is located on the posterior surface of the right lobe of 

 the liver. In liirds without a gall bladder (pigeons, guineas) 

 the main gall ducts of the two lobes of the liver unite and 

 empty as one duct into the duodenum. In birds having a 

 gall l)ladder the ductus hepaticus passes from the left lobe 

 of the liver to the duodenum, while the bile from the right 

 lobe empties into the gall bladder, from Avhence the gall is 

 carried to the duodenum through the ductus cysticus. 



In fowls the ducts of the liver and pancreas empty into 

 the duodenum in the following order : First, the ductus 

 pancreaticus, from the pancreas; second, the ductus hepati- 

 cus, directly from the left lobe of the liver; and, third, the 

 ductus cysticus, from the gall bladder of the right loV<e of 

 the liver. In ducks the ductus hepaticus and ductus cysticus 

 are united. This common duct empties into the duodenum 

 close to the pylorus. The two branches of the pancreatic 

 duct empty close behind the hepatic duct. In the pigeon 

 the ductus hepaticus is double and extends from the left 

 lobe, while a third duct carries the bile from the right lobe. 

 (Gadow.) There are apparently three pancreatic ducts in 

 this species. 



Pancreas 



The pancreas is a pale, long, yellowish, lobulated gland, 

 sometimes called the abdominal salivary gland, and lies be- 

 tween the two branches of the long duodenal loop. In some 

 species of birds the gland is divided into three distinct lobes, 

 each provided with its own duct, which carries the secretion 

 to the duodenum. 



Spleen 



The structure of the spleen is the same as in other aniivuils. 

 It is reddish brown in color in the fowl, shaped like a horse 

 chestnut, and lies to the right in an angle formed ])y the 

 proventriculus, liver and gizzard. Its shape varies in the 

 different species of birds. In some it is globular, while in 

 others lenticulai-. 



THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 

 Nasal Cavities 



The nasal cavities are short and narrow. The two nasal 

 passages are separated by a cartilaginous sei)tum and, in 

 part, by a bony wall. In ducks and geese tlie external nasal 

 opening is found toward the base of the beak. Through the 



