SECTION XVII 



FRACTURES — WOUNDS — ANESTHESIA 



FRACTURES 



Fractures or broken bones among birds in the poultry 

 3"ards are of rather common occurrence, especially where 

 birds are allowed the run of the farm or ranch, as is the usual 

 custom. 



REPAIR OF THE FRACTURE OF BONES OF THE DOMES- 

 TIC FOWL 



This work is divided into three groups, as follows : First, 

 the structure and development of the bones of the domestic 

 fowl; second, the kinds of fractures and the reparative proc- 

 esses; third, means of control of the bird and care of the 

 fracture. 



I. The Structure of Bones 



In the gross study of bones we find that in the limbs as the 

 legs and wings they form levers which have to sustain weiglit 

 of the body and confer the power of locomotion, either during 

 walking, running or flying. The femur, tibia and humerus are 

 examples. The shaft of the long bone is narrowed and con- 

 tracted, which affords greater space for the bellies of the 

 muscles. The extremities are generally somewhat expanded 

 for greater convenience of motor connection, for the purpose 

 of articulation and to afford a bony surface for muscular at- 

 tachment. Some long bones are slightly curved, thus afford- 

 ing greater strength. 



Where there is required great strength and at the same 

 time motion it is divided into a number of small bones. As 

 an example we have the patella and the two carpal bones. 



Where the principal requirement is that of extensive pro- 

 tection or the need of large bony surface for the attachment 

 of muscles, we find osseous structures expanded into flat bony 

 plates, as is the case in the skull and pelvis. 



The respiratory apparatus of the domestic fowl consists of 

 two lungs, which occupy the upper thoracic region, pushing 

 out between the ribs, and is made up of a series of air tubes 

 and air sacs. Some of the bronchi or air tubules connnuni- 

 cate with air sacs or bladder-like structures located at the 

 anterior thoracic region, others at the diaphragmatic region. 



