WINTER SHOEING. 



97 



24, 25 a), which, when sharpened and tempered, lasts a 

 very considerable time. 



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— -or 



Fig. 24. 



Fig. 25. 



In sharpening the calkins, regard must be had to their 

 situation — that on the outside heel may be flattened across 

 the branch of the shoe (Fig. 26), but that on the inside 

 must be drawn as much as possible from the outer margin 

 of the branch (Fig. 27), in order to avoid treads and 

 wounds to the opposite foot. 



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Fig. 26. 



Fig. 27. 



As a rule, it is better that toe-pieces of the same 

 height as the calkins be used on all shoes, to keep the 

 foot and limb from being injured. 



The Canadian shoe, made of steel, concave on the 

 ground-surface, with the concavity forming a sharp edge 

 on the margin, is very useful when there is a thick layer 

 of ice with snow. 



But perhaps the most useful and expeditious method 

 of making the horse useful on ice-covered roads, is by the 

 adoption of the screw studs. For these, each new shoe 

 at the commencement of the winter has a circular hole 

 punched at the heels, and another at the toe. This is 

 screwed, and into it is fitted, for ordinary wear, a flat- 

 headed stud (Fig. 28), which is turned in with a wrench. 

 These studs last for some time, and preserve the shoe 

 5 



