98 PKACTICAL HORSESHOEING. 



from wear — when worn nearly to the level of the shoe, 

 they are removed and replaced by new ones. Should 



Fig. 28. Fig. 29. 



frost set in suddenly, the flat-headed studs have only to 

 be removed by the groom when the horse is required, and 

 sharp steel ones substituted. This can be done in a few 

 minutes. 



The usual shape of the- sharp stud is that of a wedge, 

 the screwed portion being much smaller than that pro- 

 jecting beyond the shoe. This is a faulty conformation, 

 which leads to the stud frequently working itself loose 

 and falling out, or breaking off at the neck, leaving the 

 screwed portion in the shoe. 



For some years I have remedied this defect by em- 

 ploying steel frost-studs of a conical or pyramidal shape, 

 and having the portion screwed into the shoe as thick as 

 that projecting from it (Fig. 29). This pattern is not at 

 all liable to turn round and fall out on meeting the 

 ground ; while, being the same thickness throughout, 

 there is no check at the screw to weaken the stud ; con- 

 sequently it does not break if carefully forged and tem- 

 pered. 



Of all the appliances designed to enable horses to 

 travel safely on ice, without taking them to the forge, or 

 requiring the services of the farrier, none have stood the 

 test of trial so satisfactorily as this screw stud. I have 

 experimented with all the recent inventions, but have 

 found them either too complicated or expensive, not fit 



