492 



NATURE 



[December 31, 19 14 



problem arises : Can we recommend any ration in 

 which imported or other products, cheap in price be- 

 cause they are not now needed by the community, 

 can replace and liberate from the farm home-grown 

 produce that is wanted elsewhere? Time will not 

 allow of a full investigation, and the advice must 

 often be based on foreign work or on past experience 

 elsewhere. Short, rapid trials alone will meet the 

 case. It is not necessary that the whole stock 

 should be liberated; an increased sale of only lo per 

 cent, from every farm would add very materially to 

 the quantity available for the communfty. 



The replacement, of course, must be done without 

 prejudicing the total food supply; thus we must not 

 advise the production of grain at the expense of milk 

 or of meat ; our main concern will be to increase the 

 saleable output. 



Another type of product is only temporarily affected. 

 A certain amount of guano which used to go to Bel- 

 gium is now available. Shoddy or wool waste may 

 be confidently expected in quantity whilst the York- 

 shire mills are kept going so busily. There are also 

 considerable amounts of sulphate of ammonia obtain- 

 able. 



In time of peace cereals are often grown simply on 

 residues of previous crops. Probably in every district 

 the agricultural adviser knows of some manurial 

 scheme that would make use of these products and 

 increase the yield. It cannot be too strongly urged 

 that demonstrations should be put in hand as speedily 

 as possible to show how this can be done. The cost 

 of the manurial scheme should not be too high; these 

 are not times when speculative propositions can be 

 undertaken, but only those that are likely to prove 

 successful. It is certain that the area under wheat 

 has been increased this year ; the efforts of the agri- 

 cultural adviser should be extended now to an increase 

 in the vield per acre. Potash must remain a diflficulty 

 until the present search for new supplies is rewarded 

 with success. 



A third problem of importance is this : — Are any 

 rearrangements possible whereby products not likely 

 to be in much demand shall cease to be produced? 

 This applies more particularly to horticulturists and 

 market gardeners than to agriculturists. Early 

 cucumbers, for example, have hitherto gone almost 

 entirely to Germany, and this fact was realised in 

 time to prevent growers from trying to raise them. 

 The production of certain fruit and other market 

 garden produce may require similar readjustment. 



In conclusion, the time is appropriate to urge on all 

 our farmers the need for reducing all waste to a mini- 

 mum. The ordinary farm compares badly with 

 modern manufacturing concerns in this respect; con- 

 siderable amounts of material are left to waste on the 

 plea that it is not worth while doing anything better. 

 It can never be too strongly urged that waste is a 

 sign of bad farming, and the present is a good time 

 for reform. 



NEW CANADIAN DINOSAURS. 



'X'WO very remarkable new types of Canadian 

 -*■ Cretaceous dinosaurs are described by Mr. 

 Barnum Brown in the first and last of a consecutive 

 series of three papers published in vol. xxxiii., pp. 

 5-^0-65, of the Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. The first 

 of the triad is devoted to Anchiceratops, a member of 

 the horned group (Ceratopsia) from the Edmonton 

 beds of Alberta, characterised by the great size of the 

 knobs bordering the nuchal flange, and the pair of 

 large oval vacuities by which the latter is pierced. 

 Special interest attaches to this type from the fact 

 that it serves to explain the mode of origin of the 



NO. 2357, VOL. 94] 



ceratopsian flange. In the smaller and less specialised 

 type represented by Monoclonius the supra-occipitals 

 form a pair of hook-like opposing processes on the 

 hind border of the upper surface of the skull, leaving 

 a mushroom-shaped interval between them, and a pair 

 of very large vacuities in the skull-roof. In Anchi- 

 ceratops the supra-occipital processes have united in 

 the middle line, where only a remnant of a central 

 fontanelle is left, while the vacuities in the lateral 

 portion of the cranial roof are very much smaller. 

 Finally, in Trioeratops, which is both the largest and 

 latest member of the whole group, all vacuities have 

 disappeared from the cranial roof and the nuchal 

 flange attains its maximum development. 



In the second paper the author describes and illus- 

 trates a nearly complete skull of the aforesaid Mono- 

 clonius from the Belly River beds of Alberta, which 

 exhibits very clearly the features just referred to. But 

 by far the most interesting of all is the skull (asso- 

 ciated with the skeleton) of a trachodont dinosaur 

 from the formation last mentioned, remarkable for 

 the elevation of the cranial region into a tall, helmet- 

 like crest, formed by the nasals, prefontals, and 

 frontals. This unique conformation recalls the skull 

 of the helmeted cassoway — a feature commemorated 

 in the specific portion of the name (Corythosanrus 



-j^ 



Skull of Corythosaurus casuarmus. About one-tenth 

 natural size. Den, dentary ; Ex.0, exoccipital ; 

 Fr, fronta) ; /« jugal ; La, lachrymal ; Mx, 

 maxilla; Na. nasal; Fmx, premaxiila. Po.f, 

 postfrontal ; Pr.dcn, predentary ; Pr.f prefronial, 

 Qu, quadrate ; Suj; suran^ular ; Sq, squamosal. 



casuarinus) proposed for this new type. As minor 

 features of the skull (the figure of which is herewith 

 reproduced on a reduced scale) may be mentioned its 

 relative shortness, the narrow beak, and the small 

 size of the narial aperture. 



At the close of this paper Mr. Brown proposes a 

 revised classification of the Trachodontidae, which he 

 divides into the two families Trachodontinae and 

 Saurolophinae, the latter characterised by the presence 

 of a cranial crest which is lacking in the former. 

 The first group is represented by the genera Tracho- 

 don, Kritosaurus, Hadrosaurus, and Claosaurus, and 

 the second by Saurolophus, Hypacrosaurus, and Cor\'- 

 thosaurus. R- L. 



GEOLOGY IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



THE widely representative character of the work of 

 the Geologische Reichsanstalt of Vienna is fully 

 maintained in recent issues of the Jahrbuch. One of 

 the most notable publications from the point of view 

 of students and teachers of geology is that by O. 

 Ampferer and W. Hammer, entitled " Geologischcr 



