APPENDIX. 



and savings' banks to give a similar interest to habits of economy 

 and self-command. To make the resemblance to ordinary life 

 still closer, and at the same time to promote kindly and social, as 

 opposed to selfish, feeling, it is further proposed that during a 

 portion of their entire period of detention criminals be distributed 

 into parties or families of six, with common interests and accounts, 

 rising or falling together, and thus all interested in the good con- 

 duct of each. By this means a strong physical check would be 

 laid on crime in prisons, with a yet stronger moral one ; and an 

 apparatus would be gained by which good conduct and exertion 

 would be made popular, and oiTense unpopular, in the community, 

 and all would be interested in promoting the one and keeping 

 down the other. My experience on Norfolk Island which 

 was imperfect, because my views were not then sustained, as I 

 trust they yet will be, at home, my powers and apparatus were 

 consequently imperfect, and my results rather indicated tenden- 

 cies than gave precise conclusions yet leads me to attach great 

 value to this, as to several other details explained in other papers. 

 But I regard them all only as they seem to me to carry out the 

 principles laid down. If these are right, when once established, 

 the best details to found on them will soon become of themselves 

 apparent. With a near tangible end, like individual reform, in 

 view, no mistakes, however at first great, can be long persisted 

 in. 



Severity, then, with a directly benevolent purpose modeled 

 with a view to recover criminals as well as punish them con- 

 trolled and guided by the enlightened pursuit of this noble end, 

 made as great, for the benefit both of the individual and the com- 

 munity, as is compatible w T ith it, but neither greater nor other 

 than strictly subordinate to it this is the guide here sought to 

 be introduced into secondary punishment : and unless it is atten- 

 tively considered, it will be found difficult to believe the number 

 of new views that it will open up of interest and promise. It 

 will adjust the controversy between harshness and lenity which 

 has long divided reasoners on the subject the one impulse hav- 

 ing authorized the most distressing cruelties, while the other has 

 occasionally led to indulgences scarcely less injurious in their 

 ultimate consequences to both the criminal and society, enfeebling 

 the one, and leading the honest laborer, in the other, painfully to 

 contrast his own position with that of the convicted felon. It 

 will thus solve many preliminary difficulties, and conduct to 

 many important conclusions. It will give a new spirit to punish- 



