GEOMETER 273 



and although some of them bear a resemblance to species of the 

 family Ennomidce, their wings are not angulated. In several 

 cases the fore and hind wings are both similarly marked, a feature 

 very uncommon with moths. 



The caterpillars of this family usually have humps on the sixth 

 and twelfth segments only, and have two pairs of claspers. The 

 pupae are to be fcmnd either on the ground, among leaves or moss, 

 or beneath the soil. 



The Waved Umber (Hetneropliila cibruptaria] 



The most gaily coloured member of this family is the Waved 

 Umber, shown in fig. 6 of Plate XII. Like many other Geometrce, 

 it rests on fences and tree trunks by day with wings expanded so 

 that all four are displayed. It is on the wing in May and early 

 June, and again in August, and often frequents our gardens at 

 dusk. 



The caterpillar is very dark brown, with a white collar on the 

 front of the second segment. It feeds in June and July on privet 

 (Lifjustnnn vulgare) and the cultivated rose trees of flower gardens, 

 and probably also on the dog rose (Rosa canina). When full 

 grown it spins a silken cocoon in a fork of one of the twigs, and 

 there undergoes its metamorphoses. 



The Willow Beauty (Boarmia gemmaria) 



Our second example of the Boarmiidcz is the Willow Beauty, 

 the male of which species is here illustrated. Its wings are 

 brownish grey, marked with dark brown lines and streaks. The 

 female is generally larger than the 

 male, and has simple antennae. The 

 moth is abundant throughout Eng- 

 land, and may be seen generally 

 resting on fences and trees in June 

 and July. 



The ground colour of the cater- 

 pillar is much the same as that of FIG. 180. THE WILLOW 

 the moth, and is marked with a BEAUTY. 



similar darker tint. It has a yel- 

 lowish line along the spiracles, and is much like a piece of brownish 

 twig. It feeds on the oak (Quercus Robur), Birch (Betula alba), 

 ivy (Hedera Helix), and other trees, and may be found in September 

 and October, 



