CONTENTS 



Back-sight reading and its use, 134 ; Elevation of other 

 points, 135 ; Fore-sight reading and its use, 136 ; Cau- 

 tions, 137 ; Records and computations, 138 ; Directions 

 and explanations, 139 ; Moving and resetting the instru- 

 -ment, 140; Using cheaper kinds of levels, 141 ; Simple 

 devices sometimes used in leveling, 142 ; The carpenter's 

 level, 143 ; The water level, 144 ; The hose level, 145. 



CHAPTER VI 



LAYING OUT A DRAIN OR SYSTEM 108-133 



Establishing the point of outlet, 146 ; Laying out a 

 drain, 147 ; Grade stakes, 148 ; Finders, 149 ; Laying 

 out a main, 150 ; Fifty-foot intervals, 151 ; The relation 

 of angle of approach to the main to the actual distance 

 between laterals, 152 ; Laterals, 163 ; The angle of ap- 

 proach for laterals, 154 ; The location of the upper end 

 of mains and laterals, 155 ; Measurements, 156 ; Esti- 

 mate of and order for tile, 157 ; Hauling and distributing 

 tile, 158 ; Leveling for the drain, 159 ; Steps in the pro- 

 cedure, 160 ; Keeping notes, 161 ; Some convenient aids, 

 162 ; Leveling with cheaper levels, 163 ; Leveling with 

 a high-grade level, 164 ; Making the computations, 165 ; 

 Computations in detail, 166 ; A comparison of tables, 

 167 ; Preliminaries to establishing grade of ditch, cut, 

 and the like, 168 ; The grade or fall, 169 ; The depth 

 of cut, 170 ; Grade bars, 171 ; Boning line and boning 

 rod, 172 ; Determining height of bar above grade stake, 

 173 ; Using the data, 174. 



CHAPTER VII 

 CONSTRUCTION ... . ... 



Ditching tools, 175 ; Horse and power machines, 176 ; 

 Setting up grade bars, 177; Checking, 178; Begin the 

 work at the outlet, 179 ; Opening the ditch, 180 ; Re- 

 moving the soil, 181 ; Finishing the ditch, 182 ; Correct- 

 ing depth, 183 ; Laying the tile, 184 ; Making close 

 joints, 185 ; Fitting the joints, 186 ; Blinding, 187 ; 

 Closing the upper end of the drain, 188 ; Filling the 



134-151 



