CONSTRUCTION 



139 



The professional ditch 

 digger seldom opens a 

 3-foot ditch more than 

 10 to 11 inches wide, 

 and 16 inches would be 

 abundantly wide for 

 a 6-foot ditch. The 

 wider the ditch, the 

 more soil must be 

 handled. (See Fig. 56.) 



181. Removing the 

 soil. With the edges 

 of the ditch established, 

 the removal of the top 

 soil begins, and in this 

 work a common spade 

 or shovel is generally 

 used, for one cut deep. 

 Several rods of ditch 

 may be opened in this 

 way. The next cut is 

 made with the ditching 

 spade, following the 

 first cut its entire length. 



In like manner a 

 second cut will be 

 made, and as many 

 more as may be neces- 

 sary (using the ditch- 

 ing spade) to bring the 

 ditch to within a few 

 inches of the proper 

 depth. It is usually 



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