CULICOIDES : EARLY STAGES 163 



bands and spots. Legs brown, fore metatarsus (Plate XXXI, fig. 7b), 

 equal in length to the three succeeding joints ; empodium (fig. 6) 

 small and indistinct. Wing white, the surface clothed with fine 

 hairs, and in parts with longer ones. There are two large dark 

 brown spots, one about the centre of the costal border covering the 

 entire third long vein ; the other, which is also on the costa, is nearer 

 the apex of the wing ; there are in addition numerous lighter spots. 

 The third long vein, which is closely adjacent to the first, is very 

 pale and abuts on the costa about its centre ; the fourth vein 

 bifurcates about the centre of the wing, and the fifth divides 

 opposite to the extremity of the third vein. Length 1.5 mm. 



The eggs of C. kiefferi are small and ovoid in shape, and are 

 deposited in a mass on green vegetable matter at the margin 



of running water. They hatch in three days and 



Early Stages 

 the larvae burrow into the green matter. If one 



places some of this in water in a white dish, and breaks it up 

 with forceps, they come out and are then seen swimming about like 

 giant spirochaetes ; their rapid vibratile movements are extremely 

 characteristic. 



The larva (Plate XXXI, fig. 5), consists of twelve segments (includ- 

 ing the head), all of which are smooth and almost entirely devoid of 

 hairs. Unlike the larvae of all the other species of Chironomidae, 

 that of Cullcoides has no pseudopods on the ventral surface of the 

 first thoracic segment. The head (fig. 2) is well developed, and the 

 eyes are kidney-shaped. The dorsal surface and sides of the head 

 are furnished with several small hairs, the two most prominent ones being 

 situated on the mid-frontal region. The antenna of the larva of C. kiefferi 

 consists of a single minute segment with a small hair at its apex. 

 The mandibles are stout curved rods of chitin, and are armed with 

 two teeth. 



The first thoracic segment of the larva in some species has a single 

 delicate hair on its ventral surface, and the anal segment is furnished 

 with three or four simple hairs. The last segment (fig. 3) of C. 

 kiefferi has four pairs of appendages which are deeply bidentate, and 

 which can be extruded or withdrawn into the segment. These structures 

 appear to correspond to the tracheal gills of other larvae. There are 

 two long tracheal tubes which originate in the vicinity of the gills and 

 give off numerous lateral branches as they pass forwards ; there are no 

 true stigmata. 



The pupa (Plate XXXI, fig. 4), is very characteristic. Its surface 



