GLOSSINA CALIGNEA 391 



The effect of humidity is shown more by their resistance to adverse 

 conditions, such as starvation, than by any effect on nutrition. Roubaud 

 performed a series of experiments with flies maintained at temperatures 

 of 25 to 27C., 30C. constant, and 33C. constant, with the air deprived 

 of its moisture by dessication, normal, and at saturation point, and 

 showed very clearly that dryness is very unfavourable to the life of the 

 fly in an unfed condition. At a temperature of 26C., for instance, the 

 resistance of the flies to starvation, in an atmosphere saturated with water 

 vapour, was seven to nine times greater than in normal air. and thirteen 

 times greater than in dried air. 



Similar results, though obtained from a rather small number of experi- 

 ments, are recorded concerning the effect of heat and humidity on the 

 reproductive process. A temperature of 30C., maintained for ten hours 

 each day, resulted in the birth of the larvae in eight days and four hours, 

 instead of the normal nine days. If the pregnant fly were exposed to a 

 temperature of 33 C. to 35 C., however, even under the same nocturnal 

 conditions, gestation was totally inhibited. Saturation of the air with 

 moisture had also the effect of inhibiting gestation, the egg remaining in 

 the ovary when it should normally have passed into the uterus. 



Glossina palpalis var. wellmani, Austen. According to Austen this 

 variety is slightly smaller than the typical G. palpalis, and the antero- 

 lateral markings take the form of blotches. Newstead has examined a 

 large series of preparations of the genital armature of the males of 

 wellmani, and has found it to be identical with that of typical examples 

 of G. palpalis. He states that, in his opinion, these differences are 

 not subspecific but merely varietal, and that the variety wellmani 

 occurs, in company with the typical form, in various localities ; in a 

 good series every grade should be found. 



Glossina calignea, Austen. A medium-sized dark species resembling 

 G. palpalis. Thorax with dark brown markings as in palpalis, but 

 usually more extensive. Abdomen, first segment cream buff with a 

 dusky patch on each side ; second to sixth segments sepia brown. 

 Distinguished from palpalis by its browner colour, and larger size ; lower 

 segments of abdomen browner. Genital armature of male distinguished 

 from that of the male palpalis by the length of the claw-like extension of 

 the superior claspers ; the inferior claspers are also much more grad- 

 ually attenuated, forming a leg-like extension distally, which terminates 

 in a foot-like process bearing three or four slender and long hairs. 

 Length, according to Austen, male 8 to 8'5 mm. ; female 9 to 10 mm. 



Austen states that this species is so far only known from Southern 



