400 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 



recorded, in sixteen the puparia were in close association with trees, either 

 in hollows under recumbent branches or trunks, at the roots, or actually 

 in hollows and crevices of the trunk itself ; the height above ground was 

 considerable, in one case as much as four feet. No particular species of 

 tree appeared to be selected, the number including eight different kinds, 

 but Lloyd notes that in all cases the trees were either abnormal or in- 

 jured. In one case ten puparia and four empty cases were found in a cup 

 which had been produced at the end of a looped branch by the rotting 

 away of the soft wood within the bark. The majority of the puparia were 

 in such positions that they must have been exposed for several hours 

 each day to the direct rays of the sun ; in one instance, of the nine living 

 puparia and six empty cases which were found in the deserted burrow of 

 an ant-bear, all were on the side which would catch the morning sun. 

 The distance from water varied so much as to indicate that the species 

 does not specially select the neighbourhood of a water course for the 

 birth of the larva ; some were found on the banks of streams, others at 

 considerable distances away from water, in one case as much as half a mile. 



Lloyd publishes some interesting observations on the duration of the 

 pupal stage, which he shows to be influenced in a very distinct manner 

 by the temperature. The shortest period noted was twenty-one days, the 

 longest eighty-eight, the respective temperatures being 86 C. and 62 C., 

 the seasons October and May. The extremes of temperature, however, 

 were not favourable, and many of the flies which hatched out after long 

 intervals were deformed and weak. Lloyd thinks that under natural 

 conditions the periods would be less than in the laboratory, as the 

 puparia would be warmed by the sun. It was found that when the flies 

 were needed for experiments the pupal stage could be shortened artifi- 

 cially (during the cold weather) by keeping them warm. 



The puparium of morsitans is smaller than that of palpalis ; the anal 

 protuberances, which are relatively small, are of uniform width, and are 

 not constricted at the base. 



Glossina severini, Newstead. A medium-sized species resembling 

 somewhat G. fuscipleuris. Thorax robust, with the usual Glossina 

 markings better defined than in palpalis ; pleura dusky grey. Abdomen 

 unicolourous. Coxae of hind legs grey or greyish buff ; tips of front and 

 middle tarsi black. Hind tarsi either entirely dark brown or with the 

 first and second segments a little paler than the others. Genital armature 

 very similar to that of medicorum ; editum with very long marginal 

 hairs ; harpes rudimentary, short and narrow with the distal margin 

 irregularly serrated. Length of male 10*3 mm. to 10'5 mm. 



