644 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 



themselves to almost any part of the body, but the adults seem to prefer 

 the hairy margins of the ears ; frequently they may be seen attached to 

 the scrotum and around the udder. Nuttall has recently studied the life 

 history of appendiculattis ; his observations are here summarized. The 

 larvae remain on the host from 3 to 7 days, the nymphs from 5 to 11 

 days and the female from 6 to 14 days. Unfertilized females may 

 remain attached as long as 24 days. Oviposition begins from 6 to 23 

 days after the female drops off, and lasts from 15 to 56 days, during 

 which time from 3,000 to 5,770 eggs are laid ; the eggs hatch out in from 

 32 to 65 days. The minimum time required for appendiciilatns to 

 complete its life processes is about 147 days. 



The larvae of simns and capensis will not attach themselves to cattle, 

 but according to Lounsbury they will feed on the dog ; the nymphs of 

 simus prefer to attach themselves to the feet and tails of cattle ; those of 

 capensis are usually found on the under parts, the dewlap, the udder, 

 the scrotum and occasionally the tail. 



In carrying out experiments with append icnlat us the larvae should be 

 placed either on the ears of a cow or on the abdomen in the neighbour- 

 hood of the external genitals. In the case of the ear an ear bag is 

 employed ; it should be sufficiently long to comfortably pass over the ear. 

 A narrow hem is made at the base and a piece of elastic a little smaller 

 than the circumference of the ear is let into it ; a tape should be attached 

 on each side of the base of the bag and tied round the neck of the animal 

 in order to keep it in position. It is important not to have the elastic too 

 tight or the ear may become oedematous. These bags are equally suitable 

 for enclosing the heads of fowls in connection with experiments with 

 Argas ; in this case the tapes are crossed and tied under the wings. 

 The same bag is also suitable for enclosing the tail of a goat, in which 

 case the tapes should be much longer, as they are crossed over the 

 sacrum and tied under the abdomen. 



The larvae, nymphs or adults are dropped into the bag, which is then 

 tied over the ear ; when all the ticks have become attached the bag may 

 be removed until the ticks are about to drop off, when it is re-applied ; 

 the replete ticks drop into the bag, from which they can be readily 

 obtained. 



The nymphs and adults of simns and capensis may be allowed to 

 fix themselves on the under surface of the abdomen of a calf ; the larvae 

 should be placed with a dog in a cage as described for JR. sanguineiis. 

 In applying ticks to the abdomen of a cow the following plan is adopted. 

 A strong cloth bag is made to fit closely against the skin and to enclose 



