THE LIVER. 



167 



of the bile are, besides the alkalies, to which the bile acids are 

 united, sodium and potassium chloride, calcium and magnesium 

 phosphate, and iron 0.04-0.11 p. m. in human bile, chiefly com- 

 bined with phosphoric acid (YOUNG). Traces of copper are habitu* 

 ally present, and traces of zinc are often found. Sulphates are 

 entirely absent or only occur in very small amounts. 



Quantitative Composition of the Bile. Complete analyses of 

 human bile have been made by HOPPE-SEYLER and his pupils. 

 The bile was removed as fresh as possible from the gall-bladder of 

 cadavers whose livers showed no remarkable change. The follow- 

 ing figures of SOCOLOFF are the average of six analyses, and those 

 of HOPPE-SEYLER of five analyses. The relationship between the 

 glycocholate and taurocholate was found by fusing the precipitate 

 consisting of biliary alkalies obtained by ether from the alcoholic 

 extract with saltpetre and soda. On determining the amount of 

 sulphur in the fused mass the taurocholic acid can be calculated 

 from this. 100 parts BaS0 4 correspond to 220. 86 parts taurocholic 

 acid. The figures are parts per 1000. 



TRIFANOWSKI. SOCOLOFF. HOPPE-SEYLER. 



I. II. 



Mucin 24.8 13.0 



Remaining bodies iusol. m alcohol. . 4.5 14.6 



Taurocholate 7.5 19.2 



Glycocholate 21.0 44 



Soaps 8.1 16.3 



Cholesteriu 25 3.3 



Lecithin ) * o 0.2 



Fat f 53 3.6 



Ferric phosphate 



37.20 



15.67 

 4904 

 14.60 



12.9 



1.4 



8.7 

 30.3 

 13.9 



3.5 



3.3 



7.3 



0.166 



Older and less complete analyses of human bile have been made 

 by FRERICHS and v. GORUP-BESANEZ. The bile analyzed by them 

 was from perfectly healthy persons who had been executed or acci- 

 dentally killed. The two analyses of FRERICHS are, respectively, 

 of (I) an 18-year-old and (II) a 32-year-old male. The analyses of 

 v. GORUP-BESANEZ are of (I) a man of 49 and (II) a woman of 29. 

 The results are, as usual, in parts per 1000. 



FRERICHS. 



V. GORUP-BKSANKZ. 



I. 



Water 860.0 



Solids 140.0 



Biliarysalts 72.2 



Mucus and pigments 26.6 



Cholesterin 1-6 



Fat 3.2 



Inorganic substances 6.5 



II. 



859.2 

 140.8 

 91.4 

 29.8 

 2.6 ) 

 9.2 | 

 7.7 



822.7 



177.3 



107.9 



22.1 



47.8 

 10.8 



II. 

 898.1 

 101.9 

 56.5 

 14.5 



30.9 

 6.3 



