MUSCLE. 265 



considerably larger than the quantity of oxygen taken up at the 

 same time; and the venous muscle-blood is poorer in oxygen and 

 richer in carbon dioxide during activity than during rest (LUDWIG 

 and SCZELKOW and others). The exchange of gases in the muscles 

 during activity is the reverse to when at rest, for the active muscle 

 gives up a quantity of carbon dioxide which does not correspond 

 to the quantity of oxygen taken up, but is considerably greater. 

 It follows from this that in muscular activity not only oxidation 

 takes place, but also splitting processes. This follows also from the 

 fact that removed blood-free muscles, when placed in an atmos- 

 phere devoid of oxygen, can labor for some time and also yield car- 

 bon dioxide (HERMANN). 



During muscular inactivity a consumption of glycogen takes 

 place. This is inferred from the observations of several investiga- 

 tors that the quantity of glycogen is increased and its correspond- 

 ing consumption reduced in those muscles whose chemical tonus is 

 lowered either by cutting through the nerve or for other reasons 

 (BERNARD, MCDONNEL, CHANDELON, and others. After cutting 

 the nerve MANCHE obtained no doubtful results). In activity this 

 consumption of glycogen is increased, and it has been positively 

 proved by the researches of several investigators (NASSE, BRUCKE 

 and WEISS, KULZ, MARCUSE, MANCHE) that the quantity of gly- 

 cogen in the muscles in activity quickly and abundantly decreased. 

 By investigating with the muscles in situ, especially on the levator 

 labii superioris of a horse, CHAUVEAU and KAUFMANS have not 

 only confirmed the above facts in regard to the exchange of gas 

 during rest and activity, but they also found that the muscles 

 remove sugar from the blood, and indeed considerably more during 

 activity than when at rest. They found (calculating the amount 

 found in 1 gramme of muscle per minute to 1 kilo per hour) that 

 1 kilo of muscle removes 2.186 grms. sugar from the blood per 

 hour during rest, while it removes 8.416 grms. per hour in activity. 

 QUINQUAUD has also observed a consumption of sugar from the 

 blood during activity. On comparing the amount of carbon which 

 the muscles remove from the blood as sugar with the amount they 

 give off as carbon dioxide, GHAUVEAU and KAUFMANN found that 

 in rest more carbon was taken up than given off, while during 

 activity this condition was reversed. From these facts it is claimed 



