420 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 



men table sugar which reduces bismuth solutions, then it is very 

 probable that it contains milk-sugar. The most certain means for 

 its detection is to isolate the sugar from the urine. This may be 

 done by the following method, suggested by F. HOFMEISTEE. 



Precipitate the urine with sugar of lead, filter, wash with water, unite the 

 fitrate and wash-water, and precipitate with ammonia. The liquid filtered 

 from the precipitate is again precipitated by sugar of lead and ammonia, until 

 the last filtrate is optically inactive. The several precipitates with the excep- 

 tion of the first, which contains no sugar, are united and washed with water. 

 The washed precipitate is decomposed in the cold with sulphuretted hydro- 

 gen and filtered. The excess of sulphuretted hydrogen is driven off by a 

 current of air ; the acids set free are removed by shaking with silver oxide. 

 Now filter, remove the dissolved silver by sulphuretted hydrogen, treat with 

 barium carbonate to unite with any free acetic acid present, aud concentrate. 

 Before the evaporated residue is syrupy it is treated with 90$ alcohol until a 

 flocculent precipitate is formed which settles quickly. The filtrate from this 

 when placed in a desiccator deposits crystals of milk-sugar, which are purified 

 by recrystallization, decolorizing with animal charcoal and boiling with 60- 

 70$ alcohol. 



INOSIT occurs only rarely, and only in small quantities, in the 

 urine in albuminuria and in diabetes mellitus. After excessive 

 drinking of water inosit is found in the urine. According to 

 HOPPE-SEYLER, traces of inosit occur in all normal urines. 



In detecting inosit the albumin is first removed from the urine. 

 Then concentrate the urine on the water-bath to and precipitate 

 with sugar of lead. The filtrate is warmed and treated with lead 

 acetate as long as a precipitate is formed. The precipitate formed 

 after 24 hours is washed with water, suspended in water, and de- 

 composed with sulphuretted hydrogen. A little uric acid may 

 separate from the filtrate after a short time. The liquid is filtered, 

 concentrated to a syrupy consistency, and treated while boiling 

 with 3-4 vols. alcohol. The precipitate is quickly separated. After 

 the addition of ether to the cooled filtrate, crystals separate after a 

 time, and these are purified by decolorization and 'recrystallization. 

 with these crystals perform the tests mentioned on page 258. 



Aceton and Aceto-acetic Acid. These bodies were first observed 

 in urine in diabetes mellitus (PETERS, KAULICH, v. JAKSCH, GER- 

 HARDT). Both of these bodies occur sometimes simultaneously in 

 diabetic urine, sometimes only one of them. Acetone may give 

 the diabetic urine as well as the expired air the odor of apples or 

 fruit. According to V. JAKSCH, acetone is a normal urinary con- 

 stituent, though it may only occur in very small amounts (0.1 grm. 



