QUESTIONS. 361 



347. Leading characters of the Ichthyopterygia ? 



348. Characters separating Plesiosaurus from Ichthyosaurus ? 



349. Leading characters of Pierosauria ? 



350. General characters of Birds ? 



351. General structure of a quill-feather ? 



352. Peculiarity of the feathers of the Ostrich ? 



353. Characters of the backbone in Birds ? 



354. Nature and position of the " ploughshare " bone ? 



355. Structure of the beak ? 



356. Nature of the " sternal ribs ? " 



357. Form of the sternum in Birds which fly ? In those which do not 

 fly? 



358. Structure of the shoulder-girdle ? 



359. Nature and function of the " merry-thought ? " 



360. General structure of the fore-limb or wing ? 



361. General structure of the hind-limb ? 



362. Nature of the " tarso-metatarsus ? " 



363. Number and position of the toes ? 



364. What bird possesses only two toes ? 



365. What is the " cere ? " 



366. General structure of the digestive system in Birds ? 



367. Condition of gizzard in flesh-eating and grain-eating Birds respec- 

 tively ? 



368. What are the " intestinal caeca ? " 



369. Structure and peculiarities of the lungs ? 



370. Structure and functions of the air-sacs ? 



371. What is meant by a bone being "pneumatic ? " 



372. In what cases are the bones not pneumatic ? 



373. General structure of the heart and course of the circulation in Birds ? 



374. What is " incubation," and why are Birds specially adapted for this 

 process ? 



375. What differences subsist in the condition of the young bird at birth ? 



376. What peculiarities distinguish the eye of Birds ? 



377. What is the " membrana nictitans ? " 



378. What peculiarities distinguish the ear of Birds ? 



379. What Birds have a rudimentary external ear ? 



380. General characters of the Natatores? Give examples. 



381. General characters of the Grallatores? Give examples. 



382. General characters of the Cursores? 



383. Mention some of the more remarkable Cursorial Birds, and state 

 something as to their peculiarities and geographical distribution. 



384. General characters of the Rasores ? 



385. Characters and examples of the Gallinaceous Birds ? 



386. Characters and examples of the Columbaceous Birds ? 



387. Mention an extinct Columbaceous Bird. 



388. General characters of the Scansores? 



389. Leading families of the Scansores? 



390. General characters of the Insessores? 



391. Mention the four sections into which the Insessores are divided, and 

 state the peculiarities distinguishing these. 



392. Give examples of each of these sections. 



393. General characters of the Raptores? 



394. Distinctions between Nocturnal and Diurnal Birds of Prey ? 



395. Characters of the Saururce ? 



