114 Rev. Canon Norman — A ^[onth on 



Conopeum, Gv&y, 1848 ("type C.reticvlum, Grny *), = Annulipora, 

 Gray (type A. pilnnci. 1 Ann.) , = Jioptelect rina, d'Orb. 18')! (type 

 B. deniata, Sol. & 'E\\:), = Electrmn, d'Oib. (type E. IameUoi>n, 

 d'Orl).). = Piin'iwrn, d'Orb. (type frecent] P. ramosa, d"Orb.), 

 = El('ctrn, Busk {' Chtallenger'), partim. 



Zocecinni move or less elongated, typically turbinate, the 

 basal portion enclosed by a calcareous crust, which may be 

 either punctate or entire ; anterior portion consisting of an 

 area oval or oblong in shape, covered by a thin membrane, 

 at the summit of which is tlie oral opening ; border of the 

 area calcareous and often surmounted with spines, in which 

 latter case one at the base is either the only one present or is 

 usually larger than the rest. No ooecia known in recent 

 species. No avicularia. Larva a " cyphonautes." Zoariuin 

 either incrusting or erect and free. 



The species are subject to extraordinary variation, and in 

 certain conditions the basal portion becomes nearly or quite 

 obsolete. 



Other European species referable to the genus are E. La- 

 croixii (Aud.) (including M. tnonostachysj Busk) andi E. eaten u- 

 laria (Jameson). There are many representatives in otlier 

 parts of the world. 



Electra verticiUata^ Lamx., has long been a puzzle to 

 authors, and parts of the original figures have again and again 

 been reproduced without any additional light being thrown on 

 the species. Paul Fischer f and Smitt were tlie first who 

 rightly referred it to Flustra jy^losa, Linn. That tliis is the 

 case, and that it owes its peculiar verticillate arrangement of 

 the zooecia to the situation on which it was develop'^d, is, I 

 tliink, clear, thougli not hitherto explained. An cxamina- 



Abildpraard's Flustra vxemhranacea ? It is most certainly the form fipned 

 by Smitt (pi. xx. fif;-. 4(i) as forma membranacca of Memhraiiiinirn pilosa, 

 and rijiflitly referred by him to Abildgaai-d's species, and -wliich has since 

 been ^vell fiirnred by Freese (" Anatom.-hif-tol. I'nters. von Meinbranipora 

 pilosa, Linn.," Archiv f. Naturg. lir^SS, ]d. i. tigs. ;i, 4). Tliere can be no 

 doubt that tliese iigures, however, do not rejiresent M. pHosa, but M.La- 

 croi.vii, var. moitosfnc/ii/s, a s])ecies whieli Levinsen luis lately recorded as 

 M. moiio^dclii/s from the Jkltic (Levinsen. Vidensk. I'dbytte 'Ilauclis' 

 Togter Tolyzoa, 1801, p. 277), whence also the specimens of Abildgaard, 

 Smitt, and Freese came. 



* AboiU t\venty-ti\e veal's ago I examined in Brit. ^lus. the specimens 

 which Gray had nan)ed Couopciait re/icuhi»i, and found that most of 

 them at any rate were referable to M. Lncroi.i ii, -Vtid.. which, dirteriug 

 widely as it does from the ty]ie of J/, monosfavlii/s, I am nevertlioless 

 imable to separate from certain undoubted forms of that so-called species. 



t Fischer, " Bryozoaires, ]\chiuodermes et Foramini teres de la 

 Ciiroude," Actes Soc. J..inu. B irdeaux, vol. x.v.vii. 1870. p. l"). 



