196 Dr. IT. F. E. Jungcrsen on the Structure 



(c^), Avliich carries the fourth metacarpal and above join.s the 

 great idnar Lone, and a hirger radial carpale, C + c,, which 

 carries metacarpale II, and by means of a very little facet 

 partly also metacarpale III ; but if the carpus is seen from be- 

 hind (fig. 2) the distal series presents four pieces (in addition to 

 the lower part of the great ulnar bone), which, counting from 

 the ulnar side, are : carpale 4, which seen from this side is 

 larger and projects somewhat heel-shaped and joins a small, 

 rounded carpale 3, not visible from tlie dorsal side ; the bone 

 C + Co ; and finally, articulated with the latter and distally also 

 with the metacarpale II, a still smaller oval bone, which, in 

 spite of its looking like a sesamoid, I regard as a true carpal 

 bone (cj). Thus the whole carpus of Pij^a consists of 6, or, 

 if we include the sesamoid bone (5), of 7 discrete bony pieces. 



If we compare the statements of previous authors witii the 

 above, rather considerable differences are met with. 



In the osteology of Pipa^ prefixed as an explanation of 

 the plates to the first volume of the well-known work 

 of F. G. Schneider *, we find the following description : — 

 " Ossa carpi 7, unum maximum polygonum in latere interiore 

 cujus ad latus externum duo minora, sed tertiuui iufen'us 

 magis adhgeret. In secunda serie quatuor minora, quorum 

 maximum versus exterioi-ay Thus the number is correct, 

 but, as is shown by the words in italics, Schneider has mis- 

 taken the outer for the inner side and vice versa, and 

 confounded the volar and dorsal faces. When these facts 

 are remembered, the other statements will be recognized as 

 quite true {cf. my figures) ; Schneider's own figure (/. c. 

 tab. ii fig. '6) is poor and does not agree with the text, pre- 

 senting only one carpal, the ulnar " maximum polygonum." 



F. W. Breyer + adds nothing of his own to our knowledge 

 of the carpus ; but his two plates show that he shares in the 

 views of Sclmeider, the hand in both being turned round, i. c. 

 with the underside upwards, while the arm is in the right 

 position, as also is the process x of the great ulnar car]>aL' 

 (at ?« on tab. i., at n on tab. ii.), which is distinctly given, 

 while the other carpal bones are indistinctly and rather in- 

 correctly represented. 



F. T. Meckel J says : — " Bei der Pipa .... finden sich 

 nur scchs, in zwci llcihon stehendc Knochon. Die erste 



* 'Ilistoria AinphiLionini natiiralis ot litoraria," Jona, 175^0, 1 lU. 

 Tabuliinim ;vrc cxpressanmi iutoriirotatio. p. l'(L'. 



t ' ObstrvatioiKvs auatuiuira! circa labricaiu liaiuv Pija",' IJcrl. ISll 

 (the dissortatiiiu is '• pi;t-ido lluiloliihi," and thus it is often rc^'aixlcd 

 as a paper of the hitter autlior). 



X ' ISystein der verfxh^icheiideii Anatcniie,' J Tli.. 1 Ahtli., lSi'4, p. 4.V,». 



