IIi|)|;os:(leiUP aniiij:('V aH</ ('umnicisoiii Ti/pr.a. -17 



was separated under tlio siipjio-ition tliat Noack's tnanoi- 

 (/enxis was identical with Waj^ncr's f/if/as. As pointed out 

 above, there ran scarcely he any doubt that uiarun/fensis is 

 the ordinary l-^a^t- African form, and mo.itcl/um thus becomes 

 a synonv ni of uiarungcnsLs. 



General Reinurks. 



One primitive chnraeter, lo>t in diudeina, has been preserved 

 in C'o/«///<v.vr;///^aiid its allies, viz. the posterior "cusp" on 

 the upper canines. Tiiat this is a truly primitive character 

 is shown l)y the fact that it is found in the overwhelming 

 majority of llij/pusideri, down to the must primitive species 

 known (compare certain Insectivora). 



lint the bats of the i'ommersoni type arc on a liiglier level 

 of devclopinent than dludema and its allies, at least in the 

 following points : — in the, aluio-<t invariably, complete dis- 

 appearance of the interspace between the upper canine 

 and p* ', in the much more ])ronounced furro vs on the 

 front face of the upper canines; in the very strong 

 sagittal and larabdoid crests ; in the wing-structure ; in the 

 almost constant presence of an additional (fourth) leaflet; in 

 the presence of a frontal sac ; in the large size. It is veiy 

 })robable that most of these peculiarities are closely correlated 

 to (dei)endcnt on) each other: large size, powerful flight, 

 more advanced wing-structure ; large size, very strong teeth, 

 more advanced stage of the dentition, more highly differen- 

 tiated upper canines, much stronger cranial crests. 



To sum up the probal)le phylogeny and interrelations of 

 these bats : — the Ethiopian Comiiiersoni and Oriental diadcma 

 types have had a common origin; their unknown progenitor 

 Jiad, as most Hip/josideri, a posterior cusp on the upper 

 canines; this cusp is lost in the recent modiflcations of the 

 diadema type, but preserved iu Commersoni and its allies; 

 the Commersoni type is, apart from this paiticular point, 

 on a markedly higher level of development than diudL-ina. 



As pointed out iu the foregoing pages, three closely allied 

 species of the Commersoni type can be discriminated : — one, 

 H. 6'o7»7//^r50»t, essentially eastern (Madagascar; Mozambique 

 to British East Africa), but occurring also in Angola; a 

 second, H. giyas, essentially western (Angola to Gambia), 

 but extending its range also to some part of East Africa; a 

 third, //. thointnisis, confined to San Thome. 



The presence (jf a comparatively wcll-d:llerentiated species 

 iu the small island of San Thome is in conformance with the 

 general character of the fauna (terrestrial Mollusca, liatra- 

 chians. Reptiles, Mammals, Birds) of that inland, which 

 implies very long isolation from the continent. 



