502 Prof. Th. Noack on a 



dimensions. A new-born Tndiau elepliant is about 90 cm, 

 high ; in the case of the Afiicau elepliant trustworthy state- 

 ments are wanting. 



Tiie age of E. jmmiUo was estimated bj Herr Hagenbeck, 

 who is an authority upon elephants, at about six years. It 

 was consequently only as large as young of E. africanus 

 about one year and a half old. The dorsal ridge of a six- 

 year old Indian elephant already reaches to the chin of a 

 full-grown man, and the young African elephant stands much 

 higher on its legs than the Asiatic animal of equal age. 



The estimate of its age depends upon the fact that this 

 dwarf elephant already possessed tusks protruding to a length 

 of about 12 cm., relatively strong, sharply pointed, and 

 directed entirely outwards and obliquely downwards, not 

 forwards ; the tusks are consequently very remarkable in their 

 direction also. In the photograpli of the E. cyclotis of the 

 same size there is to be seen merely a small and scarcely 

 visible stump of a tusk, while in that of E. oxyotis there is no 

 trace of one whatever. 



"Moreover, the development of the front leg was that of an 

 older elephant, not of a yearling. 



In the quite young African elephant the forearm is rela- 

 tively shorter and the upper arm relatively longer than in the 

 adult state, as appears from the two illustrations referred to, 

 which have been compared with adult specimens, as also from 

 the development of an elephant from the Cameroons in the 

 Hamburg Zoological Gardens, which I have been able to 

 follow for a period of about ten years, and of which I possess 

 original drawings. 



The shape of tiie front limb in the specimen of E. jmmiliOf 

 however, was that of an older and not that of a quite young 

 animal. 



The shape of the rest of the body — apart from the long and 

 remarkably thin tail_, on which the double row of hairs forming 

 the small end-tuft consisted of some longer ones in front and 

 only a few shorter ones behind — was as far as the shoulder 

 similar to that of the elephant from the Cameroons figured 

 by Heck, but differed considerably from the neck onwards. 



Elephas pumilio carries its head decidedly lower than 

 E. cyclotis ; on both sides of the head, nearer the base of the 

 ear than the eye, there is situated a prominent protuberance, 

 similar to what is found in the case of the Asiatic elephant; 

 the zygomatic arch is remarkably feebly marked, and the 

 shape of the ear differs from that of all known African 

 elephants. 



