56 ENZYMES 



bacteria is shown bj^ Kionka and by Achalme^^ who obtained similar 

 results with enzymes made sterile by filtration through porcelain. 

 "Wago^2 obtained also an amyloid-like degeneration widely spread in 

 animals injected with filtered solutions of commercial trj'psin, pan- 

 creatin and amylopsin. Achalme found that such sterile prepara- 

 tions of pancreatic juice injected subcutaneously into guinea-pigs 

 produce a marked local pink gelatinous edema, followed by gangrene; 

 if the animal dies, the blood is non-coagulable. 



Apparently cells of nearly all types can be destroyed by trypsin, 

 which may cause necrosis in one-fourth hour; however, spermatozoa 

 and surface epithelium resist strong trypsin solutions. Intravenous 

 injections cause death with lesions in the heart muscle and severe 

 hemorrhages. After recovery from one injection of trypsin the animal 

 is temporarily somewhat more resistant to another injection, and there 

 are other resemblances to anaphylactic intoxication (Kirchheim^^). 

 Fiquet^^ also observed that trypsin and pepsin rendered the blood 

 incoagulable, but after some time the coagulability of the blood is 

 increased and thrombosis is frequent. Wells^^ found that pancreatic 

 extracts containing very active trypsin and lipase, injected intraperi- 

 toneally, produced an acute inflammatory reaction, but no fat necrosis. 

 Extracts containing active lipase and inactive trypsin were less toxic, 

 but produced fat necrosis. Extracts of liver and blood serum, rich 

 in lipase, were almost without effect on dogs and cats. 



Pa-pain was found to be much more toxic than any animal enzyme, 

 causing violent local hemorrhagic inflammation. Schepilewsky'^ 

 also found papain much more toxic than rennin and pancreatin; 

 repeated injection of the two latter caused amyloidosis in rabbits. 

 Active immunity does not follow repeated injections of papain. ^"^ 

 Lombroso^^ found that inactive pancreatic juice was much less toxic 

 than the activated, showing that it is the trypsin that is the important 

 toxic agent. He also found that succus entericus in doses of 1 to 5 c.c. 

 is toxic, but not lethal for dogs. Pancreatic lipase is hemolj'tic 

 (Noguchi^^) if activated by fats, which suggests that when this enzj^me 

 gets into the blood it may cause hemolysis. Urease has a definite 

 toxicity because it decomposes the urea in the blood and tissues, 

 fatal intoxication from NH3 poisoning resulting.*" Hildebrandt*' 

 observed that enzymes were positively chcmotactic, but it is probable 



" Ann. d. I'lnst. Pasteur, 1901 CIS), 737. 



32 Arch. Int. Med., 1919 (23), 251. 



" Arch. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 1911 (66), 352; 1914 f78), 99; 1913 (74), 374. 



^' Arch. d. M('d. Exper., 1899 (11), 145. 



36 Jour. Med. Research, 1903 (9), 92. 



'8 Cent. f. Bakt., 1899 (25), 849. 



" Stenitzer, Biochem. Zeit., 1908 (9), 382. 



38 Abstract in Biochem. Centralblatt, 1903 (1), 712. 



3» Biochem. Zeit., 1907 (6), 185. 



" See Carnot and Gerard, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 1919 (169), 88. 



<» Virchow's Arch., 1893 (131), 5. 



