198 CHEMISTRY OF THE IMMUNITY REACTIONS 



much other evidence of the importance of the aromatic radicals in 

 anaphylaxis.^'"* 



Other effects of the anaphylactic toxin are leucopenia, local and gen- 

 eral eosinophilia,^^ reduced coagulability of the blood, ^° and a severe fall 

 of temperature unless the dose of antigen is very small when the tem- 

 perature may rise.'*^ The antitrypsin content of the blood is not in- 

 creased in the anaphylactic animal (Ando'*'). Poisonous substances 

 similar to anaphylatoxin appear in the urine during the anaphjdactic 

 intoxication (Pfeiffer).^^ As with other poisons, anaphylatoxin 

 produces different symptoms in different animals.^'* In dogs the 

 chief effects are a great fall in blood pressure, ■*•* loss of coagulability 

 of the blood, hemorrhagic enteritis, but no bronchial spasm. In 

 rabbits the heart is severely affected, while in guinea-pigs there is a 

 remarkable lack of interference with the heart, so that it beats long 

 after respiration ceases. A pressor substance has been found in the 

 serum of intoxicated guinea-pigs, which is not present in the artificial 

 anaphylatoxin and therefore presumably is produced in the body of 

 the animal. ^^ In man the symptoms are most like those in the guinea- 

 pig. If the protein is injected into the skin of a sensitized animal 

 there follows a severe local reaction — hyperemia, edema, even necrosis, 

 — indicating that in this specific proteolysis, poisons are formed wliich 

 have a profound local effect, especially on the blood vessels. Repeated 

 anaphylactic intoxication may result in structural changes in the 

 kidneys, heart muscle and liver (Longcope*^). Metabolism studies 

 may show an increased toxicogenic destruction of protein,'*" but the 

 increase in amino-acids presumably resulting from proteolysis in the 

 sensitized individual, is not large enough, if it does occur, to be signi- 

 ficant.^^ However, in anaphylaxis in guinea pigs, as well as after 

 peptone poisoning, there is a considerable increase in noncoagulable 

 and urea nitrogen in the blood, as well as a slight increase in amino 

 nitrogen, but it is not known whether this comes from the tissues 

 or from the antigen-antibody reaction in the blood. '*^" 



3» See Baehr and Pick, Arch. Exp. Path., 1913 (74), 73. 



'^Literature by Moschowitz, New York Med. Jour., Jan. 7, 1911; Schlecht 

 and Schwenker, Arch. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 1912 (68), 163; Deut. Arch. klin. 

 Med., 1912 (108), 405. 



'"See Bulger, .Jour. Infect. Dis., 1918 (23), 522. 



*^ See Vaughan, et al., Zeit. Immunitat., 1911 (9), 458. 



^^Zeit. Inununitiit., 1913 (18), 1. 



^'Zeit. f. Ininuinitat., 1911 (10), 550. 



■"^ Probably from influence upon the nerve endings of the vessels (Pearce and 

 Eisenl)rey, Jour. Infec. Dis., 1910 (7), 565). 



" llirschfeld, Zeit. Lninunitat., 1912 (14), 4(i(). 



^« Jour. J':xp. Med., 1913 (18), 678; 1915 (22), 793; al.so Houghton, Jour. Im- 

 munol., 191G (1), 105; 1919 (4), 213. Not confirmed by Bell and Ilartzell, Jour. 

 Infect. Dis., 1919 (24), 618. 



■•'See Major, Deut. Arch. klin. Med., 1914 (116), 248. 



^8 See Auer anil Van Slvke, Jour. Kxp. Med., 1913 (18), 210; Barger and Dale, 

 Biochem. .Jour., 1914 (8), '670. 



""See Hisanobu; Amer. .lour. Plivsiol., 1920 (50), 357. 



