478 PATHOLOGICAL PIGMENTATION 



ing the bones rather than the cartilages (Poulsen),-'^ and being more 

 properly designated by the name osteohemachromatosis (^Schmey).''^ 



Malarial pigmentation, according to Ewing/' may have any one of the follow- 

 ing origins: 



(1) Pigment elaborated by the intracellular parasite. (2) Hematoidin de- 

 rived from the remnants of infected red cells. (3) Hematoidin or altered hemo- 

 globin deposited in granular or crj'stalline form from red cells dissolved in the 

 plasma. (4) Bilirubin or urobilin granules or crystals. 



Of these, the pigment formed by the parasites has been considered by many 

 as a true melanin, but this cannot be considered as established, especially as Ewing 

 finds it to have the same relation to solvents as do the blood-pigments. Carbone 

 and Brown^^ consider the malarial pigment to originate from hematin, with which 

 it agrees in solubility, spectroscopic properties, and in containing iron. 



Pigmentation of the Colon.'*-^ — Sometimes the mucosa of the entire colon is 

 found deeply pigmented, with a material of unknown character, but resembling 

 in many respects a melanin. The cause of the condition is unknown. Abder- 

 halden" has found pigments that seemed to be derived from tryptophane, while 

 Niklas^^ attributes the coloration to tyrosinase activity. 



Pigmentation of the oral mucosa, with a pigment resembling melanin, has been 

 described especiallj^ in pernicious anemia. It does not seem to be related to the 

 adrenal.** 



LiPOCHROMES 



In normal plant and animal tissues occur pigments that are either 

 fats or compounds of fat, or substances highl}- soluble in fats. In 

 animals they occur normally in the corpus luteum, in the epithelium 

 of the seminal vesicles, testicles, and epididymis; in ganglion-cells, 

 especially in the sympathetic nervous tissue; in the Kupffer cells of 

 the hver and in fat tissue. Pathologically, such pigments are found 

 particularly in the muscle-cells in brown atrophy of the heart, and 

 less abundantly in the epithelium of atrophied livers and kidneys 

 (Lubarsch^^ and Sehrt^")- ^^1 are characterized b}^ staining b}' such 

 fat stains as sudan III and scarlet R, and usually, but not constantly, 

 by osmic acid; they are dissolved by the usual fat solvents. It is 

 questionable if all pigments that stain for fat should be considered as 

 true lipochromes, however, for their other reactions are variable; 

 and Borst would distinguish these pathological pigments from the 

 true lipochromes by calling them lipofuscins, including under this term 

 the brown "waste pigments, " which Hueck believes to be formed from 

 disintegrated lipoids or fatty acids. Many pigmentary substances 



*i See Ingier, Ziegler's Beitr., 1911 (51), 199. 



" Frankfurter Zeit. Pathol., 1913 (12), 218; also Teutschlaender, Virchow's 

 Arch., 1914 (217), 393. 



••3 Jour. Exp. Med., 1902 (6), 119. 



*Uour. Exper. Med., 1911 (13), 290. 



" Full review bv McFarland, Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 1917 (69), 1946. 



<» Zcit. phy-iol. Chem., 1913 (85), 92. 



"' Mimch. med. Woch., 1914 (61), 1332. See also Hattori, Mitt. mod. Ge- 

 scUsch., Tokio, 191() (30), No. 6. 



" See Weber, (>uart. Jour. Med., 1919 (12), 404. 



" Cent. f. Pathol., 1902 (13), 881. 



*» Virchow's Arch., 1904 (177), 248. See also Mayer ct al, Jour, physiol. et 

 path. g6n., 1914 (16), 581. 



