62 ENZYMES 



bacteria is shown by Kionka and by Achalme -- who obtained similar 

 results witli enzymes made sterile by filtration through porcelain. 

 Achalme found that such sterile preparations of pancreatic juice in- 

 jected subcutaneously into guinea-pigs produce a marked local pink 

 gelatinous edema, followed by gangrene; if the animal dies, the blood 

 is non-coagulable. Apparently cells of nearly all types can be de- 

 stroyed b}^ trypsin, which may cause necrosis in one-fourth hour ; how- 

 ever, spermatozoa and surface epithelium resist strong trypsin solu- 

 tions. Intravenous injections cause death with lesions in the heart 

 muscle and severe hemorrhages. After recover}^ from one injection 

 of trypsin the animal is temporarily somewhat more resistant to 

 another injection, and there are other resemblances to anaphylactic 

 intoxication (Kirchheim -^). Fiquet -* also observed that trypsin and 

 pepsin rendered the blood incoagulable, but after some time the 

 coagulability of the blood is increased and thrombosis is frequent. 

 Wells -^ found that pancreatic extracts containing veiy active trypsin 

 and lipase, injected intraperitoneally, produced an acute inflammatory 

 reaction, but no fat necrosis. Extracts containing active lipase and 

 inactive trypsin were less toxic, but produced fat necrosis. Extracts 

 of liver and blood serum, rich in lipase, were almost without effect on 

 dogs and cats. Papain was found to be much more toxic than any 

 animal enzyme, causing violent local hemorrhagic inflammation. 

 Schepilewsky -^ also found papain much more toxic than rennin and 

 pancreatin; repeated injection of the two latter caused amyloidosis 

 in rabbits. Active immunity does not follow repeated injections of 

 papain.-^ Lombroso -* found that inactive pancreatic juice was much 

 less toxic than the activated, showing that it is the trypsin that is the 

 important toxic agent. He also found that succus entericus in doses 

 of 1 to 5 c.c. is toxic, but not lethal for dogs. Pancreatic lipase is 

 hemolytic (Noguchi-^) if activated by fats, which suggests that when 

 this enzyme gets into the blood it may cause hemolysis. Hildebrandt ^^ 

 observed that enzymes Avere positively chemotactic, but it is probable 

 that the products of their action on the tissues are the chief chemo- 

 tactic agents. 



The enzymes that are secreted into the gastro-intestinal tract seem 

 to be chiefly destroyed, but part is eliminated in the feces, and part 

 that is absorbed apparentl}^ reappears in the urine in ver}^ small 

 quantities.^^ Pepsin, diastase, and rennin all have been found in nor- 



22 Ann. d. I'Inst. Pasteur, 1001 (15), 737. 



23 Arch. exp. Patli. u. Pliarni., mil (GO), 352; 1914 (78), 99; 1913 (74), 374. 



24 Arch. d. M^'d. Kxpor., 1899 (11), 145. 



25 Jour. Med. Hesearcli, 1903 (9), 92. 



26 Cent. f. Pakt.. 1899 (25), 849. 

 2TStenitzer, Piocliom. Zeit.. 1908 (9), 382. 



2R Al)8tract in Piuchoni. Contralblatt, 1903 (1), 712. 



20 Pioclicni. Zeit., 1907 ((i), 185. 



so Virchow's Arch., 1893 (131), 5. 



31 Falk and Kolicb, Zeit. klin. 'Mod., 1909 (08), 15G. 



