200 CIIKMISTJ,')- OF THE niMCMTY h'EACTJOXS 



motor endings in the blood vessels (Edmunds -"'''). It also produces 

 local urticaria when rubbed into the skin and behaves much like 

 histamine, with which, however, it is not identical. One gram of 

 casein yields enough of Vaughan's poison to kill 800 guinea-pigs, and 

 the poison seems to contain most of the aromatic radicals of the pro- 

 teins. There is also much other evidence of the importance of the 

 aromatic radicals' in anaphylaxis.-^'' 



Other effects of the anaphylactic toxin are leucopenia, eosinophilia,-'' 

 reduced coagulability of the blood, and a severe fall of temperature 

 unless the dose of antigen is very small when the temperature may 

 rise.-^ The antitrypsin content of the blood is not increased in the 

 anaphylactic animal (Ando -'^). Poisonous substances similar to ana- 

 phylatoxin appear in the urine during the anaphylactic intoxication 

 (PfeifiPer).-® Anaphylactic reactions are commonly associated with 

 jnarked eosinophilia, both local and general.-" As with other poisons, 

 anaphylatoxin produces different symptoms in different animals. In. 

 dogs the chief effects are a great fall in blood pressure,^" loss of coagula- 

 l)ility of the blood, hemorrhagic enteritis, but no bronchial spasm. In 

 rabbits the heart is severely affected, while in guinea-pigs there is a 

 remarkable lack of interference with the heart, so that it beats long 

 after respiration ceases. A pressor substance has been found in the 

 serum of intoxicated guinea-pigs, which is not present in the artificial 

 anaphylatoxin and therefore presumably is produced in the body of 

 the animal.^^ In man the symptoms are most like those in the guinea- 

 pig. If the protein is injected into the skin of a sensitized animal 

 there follows a severe local reaction, — hyperemia, edema, even necrosis, 

 — indicating that in this specific proteolysis, poisons are formed which 

 have a profound local effect, especially on the blood vessels. Repeated 

 anaphylactic intoxication may result in structural changes in the 

 kidneys, heart muscle and liver (Longcope ^^''). Metabolism studies 

 may show an increased toxicogenic destruction of protein, ''"" but the 

 increase in amino-acids presumably resulting from proteolysis in the 

 sensitized individual, is not large enough, if it does occur, to be demon- 

 strated by chemical methods.^^'^ 



25a Zeit. ImmimitJit., 1013 (17), 105. Soe also Underliill and llciulrix. .Tour. 

 Biol. Chcm., 1915 (22), 4G5. 



25b Seo Baohr and Pick, Arch. Exp. Path., 1913 (74), 73. 



26 Schlecht and Sclnvenkor, Dent. Arch. klin. Med., 1912 (108), 405. 



27 See Vauglian, et al., Zeit. Immunitiit., 1911 (9), 458. 

 27a Zeit. Iiiinuinitiit, 191:5 (18), 1. 



28 Zeit. f. Immunitiit., 1911 (10), 550. 



21' I^iiteraturc hy Moscliowitz, New York INIed. .Tour., -Ian. 7, 1911; SdiU'cht 

 and Scliwenker, Arch. exp. Patli. u. Pharm., 1912 (68). Ki.i. 



30 Probahlv from influence U])()n the nerve ondinfrs of the vessels (Pearce and 

 Eisenhrev, .Tour. Infec. Dis., 1910 (7), 5115). 



•ii Hir.sclifeld, Zeit. Immunitiit., 1912 (14). 4G(i. 



3iaJour. Exp. Med., 1913 (18), G78; 1915 (22). 7!t3 : also lUniuhlon. .lour. 

 Immunol., 1910 (1), 105. 



•'ill. See Major. Deut. Ardi. klin. Me.l.. 1!I14 (llti), 248. 



•■•■"•See .\uer a!id Van Slvke, Jour. I'lxj). .Med.. 1913 (18), 210; P.ar^icr and 

 Dale. I'.iochcni. .lour. 1914 (8), G70. 



