312 DISTURBANCES OF CIRCULATION 



upon the excessive quantity of leucocytes and lymplioid tissue, which 

 undergo processes of disintegration at irregular intervals, with the 

 result that the products of nucleoprotein destruction (uric acid, 

 purine bases, and phosphoric acid) appear in the urine in increased 

 quantities. As the large neutrophiles contain abundant autolytic 

 enzymes, the products of cell autolysis (proteoses, amino-acids, and 

 products of nucleoprotein destruction) may appear at times in the 

 urine and in the blood; hecause of the small amount of such enzymes 

 in the lymphocytes, these changes are all much less marked in lymph- 

 atic leukemia. Charcot's crystals, which are perhaps derived from 

 leucocytic nucleoproteins, may be found in the blood and tissues. 

 The changes in the red cells are chiefly those of a secondary anemia, 

 with occasionally some chlorotic features. The chemical findings of 

 leukemia throw no light whatever upon the cause of the disease. 



Pseudoleukemia and Hodgkin's disease show only the evidences of a 

 secondary anemia, without the chemical changes of either leukemia or 

 pernicious anemia. There seems to have been little study of the 

 chemical processes of these diseases. Moraczewski ^* reports a study 

 of metabolism in one case, designated by him as pseudoleukemia and 

 so quoted in subsequent literature, although the only leucocyte count 

 mentioned in the original article was 171,000. This case showed some 

 retention of nitrogen and calcium, with little change in the phosphorus 

 and purine bases in the urine. 



HYPEREMIA 



ACTIVE HYPEREMIA 



This condition is associated with but few chemical changes. Cer- 

 tain chemicals may cause active hyperemia ; some locally, as in the 

 case of irritants, such as alcohol, ether, ammonia, mustard, etc., which 

 act either by producing a local vasodilator stimulus or by paralyzing 

 the vasoconstrictors. Other substances may produce active hyperemia 

 in special vascular areas, e. g., cantharides causes active hyperemia in 

 the kidneys, probably because of its elimination through these organs ; 

 pilocarpin causes active hyperemia in the salivarj^ glands and skin, 

 which is associated with increased function. In general, functional 

 activit.y is associated with active hyperemia, and Gaskell ^ has suggested 

 that this is due to atonicity of the vascular muscle, the result of de- 

 creased alkalinity of the lymph flowing away from the active organ 

 along the vessel-walls, it having been found that alkalies cause a tonic 

 contraction and acids an atonic dilation of arterial muscle.^'' 



osVirdiow's Arch., ISOS (151), 22. 



1 Quoted by Lazanis-Barlow, "]\Tamial of General Patliolo<iry." 1904, p. 120. 

 lii Sec discussion l)v \\'oolIeY, Jovir. Anier. Med. Aaaoc, 1914 (63), 2279; and 

 bv Adler, Jour. Pharm., 1910 "(8), 297. 



