SPIROCH^ETE PALLTDA 505 



flagella <>f bacteria, Schaudinn was able to demonstrate a single 

 delicate fiagelluui at each pole of the spirochajte pallida, while 

 no undulating membrane could be detected; on the other hand, 

 several other species, including the spirochyete refringens, showed 

 a distinct undulating membrane. Two fiagella at one pole of 

 the spirorlui'te pallida were also seen, an appearance which 

 Schaudinn thought might represent the commencement of 

 longitudinal fission. 



The number of publications with regard to the distribution of 

 the spiroclut'tf pallida is already very large, and a summary of 



FIG. ].">!. Film preparation fnun juice of hard chancre showing 

 spiroi -ha-tr pallida. (iiemsa's stain, x 2000. (From a preparation 

 liy Dr. Haswell Wilson.) 



tin- results may be given. In the primary sore and in the related 

 lymphatic glands, the juice of which can be conveniently 

 obtained by means of a hypodermic syringe, the organism has 

 l>eeii found in a very large majority of cases. It has been also 

 obtained in the papular and roseolar eruptions, in condylomata 

 and mucous patches in fact, one may say generally, in all the 

 primary and secondary lesions. It has been obtained from 

 the splri'ii during life, and on a few occasions, e.g. by Schaudinn, 

 a No from the blood during life in secondary syphilis. In the 

 congenital form of the disease the organism may be present in 

 large numbers (Plate II., Fig. 6), as was first shown by Buschke 

 and Fischer, and by Levaditi. In the pemphigoid bullae, in 



