Pliylogeny of the ArachnuUi. 305 



fan-trachcaj {i. e. the lunp;.s), as appears from the explanation 

 which he a|)j)cn(ls to tlie diaf^ram of the position of the 

 stiirniata in tlie Araclinids {he. oil. p. 68). The aneestors of 

 the Arachnids possessed a pair of stiL^niata upon each sej^imMit 

 of tlie body ; as the most material proof of this fact the 

 author recjards his discovery in the case of the Chernetidas of 

 rudimentary stigmata (" vestigial stigmatic scars ") upon all 

 the segments of the abdomen, commencing from the fourth. 

 But according to Kingsley (Xo. 2S, p. 2'^')) the structures 

 discovered by Bernard were already known to Sieb )ld (ISyj), 

 though they are not rudimentary trachete, but attachments 

 for the muscles upon the chitinous envelope *. Tiie de luc- 

 tions of this author are on all occasions too hasty. Similarly 

 I cannot say that I agree with his theory as to the develop- 

 ment of the trachea3 in the Tracheata in general from the 

 bristle-glands of Worms (No. 7). But I will not stop to 

 pursue this further. I have previously expressed my view 

 as to the development of the tracheaj of Arachnids, of which 

 the stigmata are situated upon the cephalothorax, and in 

 certain cases probably upon the abdomen also (in which cases 

 the latter occurs must be shown by future observations ; as 

 regards the furnier, however, I can only assume that this 

 liolds good for the Psoudoscorpions, Solifugie f, Phalangidie f, 

 and Cyphophthalmidai). I can now say with Korschelt and 

 Heider {loc. cit. p. 635) : — " We are consequently inclined 

 to side with those investigators who regard the Arachnids and 

 the rest of the air-breathing Arthropods as two distinct 

 series, and therefore also assume a separate origin of the 

 tracheje in these two divisions." 



If now, on the basis of what I have already stated, which 

 has also appeared in my paper published in iiussian, we 

 attempt to cast a glance at the organization of the hypothetical 

 primitive ty{)e of the Arachnids (Protarachnon), our concep- 

 tion of it must assume the following shape : — 



Protauachnon. — In the general coniiguration of its boly 

 the animal must recall the fossil Slimonia ; the body was 

 divided into two sections, the cephalothorax and the abdomen ; 

 the segments of the cephalothorax were fused together, but 



• [The author here quotes nu errotienus supposition 6f Kingsley'?, lis is 

 evideut frnui JJeruard's "Vestigial .Stiguiatii in tlie Arncliiiida,'' wliicli 

 appeared ill this Magazine iu August 1^1)4 (Ann. & Ma''. Nut. Hist, 

 ser. r>, vol. xiv. pp. 141>-Io:5: cf. especially pp. loO-lol). — Transl.] 



t The structural identity between the thoracic and abdominal trachea) 

 in Galeoden is pointed out by Bernard (No. 7, p. oiil). 



+ The position of the stigmata in the I'halaiigidte is apparently not 

 yet precisely deteruiiued. 



