Gmyella, Osciiliiia, (ind Cliona. 75 



to tliink that the timhriatod papillaj of Osculinn were the in- 

 ludaiit, and the less ornnnicnted eurtieonical ones, with large 

 single apertures rcspeetivcly, the excretory organs. So, " at 

 first sight of the plate," as above stated, Grayella and Oscu- 

 Una a'ppoared to me to be very closely allied. 



Let us now see how far the study of ('lio)ui in a living stale 

 assists us through those diflirulties. 



On the (3th December, ISIJU, after a storm, I picked up on 

 the beach at this place (Budleigh-Salterton, Devon) a si)cci- 

 men of Liuainaria^ in the inner and vaulted portion of whose 

 conical bunch of roots was fixed a small oyster-shell permeated 

 by a species of Ch'ona, which subsequent examination proved 

 to be that so faithfully described and figured by ]\Ir. AUxmy 

 Hancock as Cliona northuinbrica, in the ' Annals,' scr. 3. 

 vol. xix. p. 237, pi. 7. fig. 1, April 1867. 



The shell in which the specimen was situated, having been 

 released from the roots of the seaweed, was immediately placed 

 in sea-water (renewed daily) and examined for eight days 

 successively. It was about two inches in diameter, and origi- 

 nally fixed obliquely upwards among the roots of the Lami- 

 naria, some small ones of which were attached to its outer or 

 convex side, while the inner or concave part of the shell was 

 free from all ro(jt-attachment and faced the hollow part of the 

 coniform root-bunch. No doubt the Laminaria had been 

 attached by its other roots to a rock but trusting too much to 

 the surface of the otherwise unfixed oyster-shell led to its 

 being torn from its site by the waves, and thus thrown upon 

 the shore where I found it. 



There were twelve papillae of difterent sizes scattered over 

 the convex part of the shell, among the attachments of 

 the roots of the Laminaria (which were all cut oft' short for 

 better observation), and the same number on the concave sur- 

 face or that directed towards the hollow cone of the root- 

 bunch. vSix of the latter were papilliform vents presenting 

 respectively a more or less elongated conical torm, truncated 

 at the extremity and provided with a single large circular 

 aperture, circumscribed, when fully extended, by a delicate 

 thin margin. The rest of the papilla3 on both sides were 

 more or less expanded, or obversely conical, presenting a fim- 

 briated surface radiating more or less from the centre, in which 

 were irregularly scattered a few small circular orifices varying 

 and less than l-600th of an inch in diameter. 



The fimbriated surface consisted of feather-like extensions 

 based on groups or bundles of pin-like spicules pointed out- 

 wardly, which, issuing with the soft sponge-substance of the 

 papilla, were thrown apart as the sarcode raised itself uj)ward3 



6* 



