August 15, 1918] 



NATURE 



475 



seventeen years of ago. Such provision for full-time 

 education in applied science is, however, as the Board 

 has pointed out, regrettably smfill in bulk compared 

 with the needs for the industrial development of the 

 country. In the year 1913-14 there were, in the 

 twenty-six technical institutions recognised by the 

 Board, fifty-four technological courses in engineering, 

 chemistry, and subjects connected with the luildinj.', 

 mining, textile, and leather trades, many of which 

 were also attended by some students preparing for 

 degrees ; iind five scientific courses mainly in provision 

 for professional qualifications. The number of students 

 taking the full courses was 1236, of whom 539 were in 

 their first year, 374 in their second year, 269 in their 

 third year, and 54 in later years of their courses. The 

 numlxTS of full-time students of science and techno- 

 logy in all these universities and colleges are shown in 

 Table 4. 



4.^ — Full-time Students in various Faculties of Science 



and Technology (excluding Medicine) in Universities 



and University Colleges in Receipt of State Grants 



(1913-14). 



England Wales 



Pure science ... ... ... 1,620 234 



Engineering, including naval 



architecture 1^085 44 



Technology, including mining, 



metallurgy, and architecture ... 459 34 



Agriculture, horticulture, and 



dairv work ... ... ... 221 58 



3,38= 



370 



There are fifty-two agricultural and mechanical col- 

 leges for white students in the United States. These 

 mav be regarded as comparable with ouf technical 

 institutions, and most of them are incorporated in 

 universities. In these cases the students are included 

 in the numbers given for universities. The number 

 of undergraduate students in four-year college courses 

 in the United States colleges of agriculture and 

 mechanic arts in 1914 was 40,000; and the chief groups 

 are shown in Table 5. 



5. — Students in Colleges of Agriculture and Mechanic 

 Arts, U.S.A. 



No. of Sludenls 



Agriculture, horticulture, and forestry ... 14,250 



General science 4.360 



Mechanical engineering ... ... ... 4,100 



Civil .. 3,480 



Electrical ,, 3,280 



General ,, 2,610 



Chemical ,, 780 



Mining ,, 680 



Chemistry 610 



34.150 



The number of degrees conferred in 1914 in agricul- 

 tural and mechanical sciences were : — 



2,050 2,110 



There are eleven technical high schools in Germany 

 having the power of granting degrees. The number 

 of students in these schools in 19 13-14 was nearly 

 17,000, of whoin 11,600 were fully qualified. It is not 

 possible to make any exact comparison between the 

 German technical universities and our technical in- 

 stitutions or the applied science faculties and depart- 

 ments of British universities. The matriculation for 



NO. 2546, VOL. lOl] 



fully qualified students at the German technical high 

 schools is the completion of the full nine years* 

 secondary school course at a classical, semi-classical, 

 or modern secondary school, and is practically equiva- 

 lent in standard to a pass B.A. degree at one of our 

 universities. 



In our own (technical institutions the standard and 

 age of admission are much lower, and if we count all 

 the students at ithese institutions as well as those in 

 ' applied science departments of universities the number 

 is less than 5000, to compare with the 17,000 students 

 in German technical high schools. In addition to 

 these schools there are four agricultural high schools 

 with 1750 students; five veterinary high schools with 

 1570 students ; * four forestry academies with 300 

 students; three mining high schools with 800 students, 

 as well as other ajjecial schools ; and in all these the 

 educational qualifications for entrance are the same as 

 at the technical and older universities. 



Dr. F". Rose, a few years ago, made a detailed report 

 to the I^ondon County Council upon techniciil educa- 

 tion in the United Kingdom and Germany; and he 

 showe<l that there are few technical institutions in the 

 United Kingdom which can be compared with any 

 of the great German technical universities. Good 

 technical colleges and departments in England appear 

 to he on a level with the best technical schools in 

 Germany rather ithan with the technicjil universities. 

 i " Looked at," said Dr. Rose, " from the basis of the 

 I German standard of previous education and practical 

 j work, length, extent, and variety of the courses taken, 

 i and the number of diplomas granted, it will probably 

 .| be found that there aire insufficient students in t^he 

 j whole country to fill one of the large German technical 

 I universities " 



1 II. — Financial Provision. 



j A comparison of the financial provision made for 



I university and adyfanced technical training in the 



I United Kingdom with what is availalile in the United 



: States and Germany reveals our deficiencies just as 



' decidedly as does that of the number of students. With 



I the exception of Oxford and Cambridge, all the uni- 



I versifies and university colleges in England iimd Wales 



participate in Parliamentary grants, the amounts of 



which, as well as other sources of income, nre shown 



in Table 6. 



I 6. — Incomes of Universities and University Colleges 

 I in Receipt of Exchequer Grants (1913-14). 



I Kngland Wai.es 



(18 Institutions) (4 Institutions) 



Fees ;^i9o,300 281 ;^i7,6oo 272 



j Endowments .. 100,300 148 4,200 65 



; Donations and 



subscriptions 20,700 30 2,100 33 



.'\nnual grants 

 from local 

 authorities .. 108,500 160 3,800 59 



Parliamen t a r y 

 grants ..". 230,100 340 35.7oo 553 



Contributions 

 from hospi- 

 tals, etc., for 

 services ren- 

 dered ... 1,500 " 02 — — 



Other income . 26,200 39 1,200 i-8 



;;£^677,6oo ;^64,6oo 



Grand total ... ;^742,2oo 



It will be seen that the income from endowments of 

 the eighteen universities and university colleges of Eng- 

 land and Wales in receipt of Exchequer grants amounts 

 to about ioo,oooZ. Manchester receives about 23,000/, 



