XX XoKTir AMERICAN BIRDS. 



North America," luodifie'l somewlmt in aoconlance with more recent views 

 of rrofessor Suiulcvall and others. Ilut lu'lore uroeeedini' to tlie anahsis 

 of the faniilit's, I will introihice an artiticial clew to the precedin,i; hi<:her 

 groups as adopted, so far as they are represented by Xortli American 

 species. 



ARTIFICIAL KFA' TO THK F()i:K<;OIX(; HIGHER (JROUPS, 



Bij means <•/ which amj North Juo rioin hird nun/ hr truilih/ ir/ernd to that ffroup to which it 



in held to bcIoHf/. 



I. Tws ;{ : -J in front, 1 iM-hind (P/e/) rir.vRi.E. 



II. Tot'.s :{; all in front. Toe.s cloft or seniiiyalmatt' Limhoi„k. 



To«'s palniatf. Nostrils tulmlar .... Lun(;ii'ennes, 

 Nostrils not tulmlar . . . Pykoi-odhs. 



III. Tot's 4 ; 2 in front, 2 behind. I'.ill ccnMl and liookt-d I'sin acj. 



liill ntitlicr n-nd nor hooked. {Curufi or Pici) PicARi.i:. 



IV. Toes 4 : 3 in front, 1 Iwhind. 



1. Toes syn<la(tyle {Cuciifi) Picarlf.. 



2. T<H\s totijialmate (all four full-wehhed) . . . . . . Stkganoi'odk.s. 



3. Toes palmate. Hill eurved up LiMicoL-E. 



Bill not eurved up : laniellatp . . Lamem-oiostres. 



not lamellate ; hallux loltate . PY(;()p.ti)E.s. 

 hallux not lohate Longii'ENNe.k. 



4. Toes lobate. Tail rudimentary Pyoopodes. 



Tail i)erfec't. A horny frontal shield . Alectkkide.s. 



No horny frontal .shield .... 7-.iMicoLiE. 



5. Toes semipalmato ; joined by evident movable basal web (A). 



6. Toes cleft to the base, or then* immovably coherent (B). 

 A* Hind toe elevated a1x)ve the level of the rest. 



Tibije naked below. Nostiils jieiforate Alectorides. 



Nostrils im[»erforate. Tarsi reticulate. Head bald . Herodioxes. 



Head feathered LiMicoLiE. 

 Tarsi scutellate in front . . Limicol.e. 



Tibiae feathered l)elow. Nostrils perforate Raptor. e.<j. 



Nostrils imperforate. Gajie reaching? below eye. {Cifpseli} Picaui^. 



Gape not reaching below eye . Galling. 

 AAa Hind toe inserted on the level of the rest. 



Tibi.-B naked b<dow Herodioxes. 



Tibiae feathered below. Rill cered and hooked Raptore.s. 



Bill not cered. Nasal membrane .soft and tumid . ConMBJi:. 

 Na.sal scale hard and flat . . . Gallix.b. 

 B* Hind toe elevated almve the level of the re.st. 



Gape reaching below eye (Cypsclt) Picarijb. 



Gape not below eye. First priniary emarginate or about equal to 2d . . Limicol.e. 



First i)rimary not emarginate and much shorter than 2d, Alectoeide.**. 

 BB* Hind toe inserted on the level of the rest. 



Xo.strils o}>ening beneath soft .swollen membrane ...... CoLUMBiE. 



Nostrils otherwise. Bill cered and hooked . . . • • Raptores. 



Bill otlierwise. Secondaries only six . . (Ctfpscli) PicARi.*:. 



Secondaries more than six (r/) . . . Passere.s. 



(a) Primaries 10 ; the 1st more than .^ as long as the longest. (Clamatores) Passeres. 



Primaries 10 : the 1st not § as long as the longest. ) ^^^.^^^^ ^ ^ PasseRES. 



Primaries 9. J 



