xxviii NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Analysis of Familu:s of STUGANOPODES. 



Bill rather longer than head, cleft to eyes, very stout at base, tapering to the 

 (lecurved, but not hooked, tip. Nostrils al>ortive. (rular sac niodr-rate, naked. 

 Wings rather long, pointed. Tail long, stitl', cuneate, twelve to Iburteen teathcrod. 

 Feet nearly beneath centie ot'eiiuiliijriuni. (feneral eonliguration goose-like . SuUdce. 



Bill several times longer than hv>ad, slender but strong, de})ressed. [)ertectly 

 straight, with small distinct hooked nail at end. Nostrils very small. Oular sac 

 enormous. Mandibular rami meetinir onlv at ti|>. Wiuu's extremelv lon<^ with 

 upward of forty remiges. Tail short, numded. of twenty or more feathers. 

 Legs beneath centre of e<[uilil>riinn. extremely short and stout . . . Pelicanida. 



Bill about as long as head, stout, straight, scarcely tapering, strongly hooked. 

 Nostrils al)ortive. Gular sac moderate, but evident: mostly naked. Wings 

 short. Tail large, fan-shape(l. scansorial, of twelve to fourteen ])ix»ad stilf feath- 

 ers, exposed to the l)ase. Legs inserte<l far behind centre of e(inilii)rium . firacididce. 



Bill rather longer than head. slemU'r, perfectly straight, tapering to an acute 

 tip. Gular sac small. Nostrils minute. Wings and tail, and general configin-a- 

 tion, as in the last Phtklcc. 



Bill much longer than head, straight, stout, strongly hooked. Nostrils very small. 

 Gular sac well developed. Wings exceedingly long, strong, and pointed. Tail 

 exceedingly long, deeply forked. Feet extraordinarily short ; tarsi partly feath- 

 ered .............. TachypeiidcE. 



Bill about as long as head, straight, stout, tapering to an acute tip. Nostrils 

 small. Gular sac rudimentary, feathered. Wings modei-ate, pointed. Tail 

 short, but with two central feathers extraordinarily prolonged and filamentous. 

 Feet small, beneath centre of equilibriimi ....... PhcBthontida. 



AxALYSis OF Famimks OF LONGIPENNES. 



Nostrils not tubular, lateral. ]>crforatc. Bill -with <'ontinuous covering, or only 

 broken bv a sort of cere, hooked or straight to the en<l. Hallux small and ele- 

 vated, but .always present . . . . . . . . ... Laridce. 



Nostrils tubular, disjoined and lateral, or oftenest superior and united in one 

 double-barrelled tube. Covering of bill in several pieces; bill always hooked. 

 ILdlux minute, rudimentarv, or absent . ... . . . Prorelhinidcu. 



Analvsls of Families of PYGOPODES. 



Feet four-toed, palmate. Hallux lobate, connected at base with l>ase of inner 

 toe. Tail perfect. Head closely and comiiletely featheri'd. Nostrils with a de- 

 pending lobe or thip. Bill straight, con-ijiressed. acute .... C*oJi/mhidfc. 



Feet four-toed, lobate. ILdlux lobat(\ free. Tail rudimentary. Head with a 

 naked loral strip and bristly or variously lengthened feathers. Nostrils sim])le. 

 Bill straight or decurved at end. compressed, acute ..... Podicfjn'do'. 



Feet three-toed. palmat(\ Hallux absent. Tail perfect. Head closely feathered 

 or variously crested. Nostrils simple. Bill of indeterminate shape . . . Alcida;. 



