CLIMATE. 35 



latitude 39°, break through the Coast Moimtahis to reach the 

 Pacific. It may be said that the watei-s of these streams, aftei 

 their union, pass through three straits; one at the Golden 

 Gate, one hundred feet deep and a mile wide ; one at the 

 straits of Carquinez, fifteen feet deep and three-quarters of a 

 mile wide, thirty-five miles from the ocean ; and one near the 

 head of Suisun Bay, half a mile wide and ten feet deep. The 

 Golden Gate and the straits of Carquinez aiford an abundant 

 outlet for all the water from the interior, but not so with the 

 pass at the head of Suisun Bay. The land at this place is low 

 — not more than six or eight feet above low-water mark — for 

 a width of three miles, beyond which there are hills, which 

 prevent the spreading of the water to a greater distance. The 

 river is shallow and crooked ; the banks lined with bushes and 

 covered ^vith tules, which obstruct the passage of the water in 

 time of flood. 



During the flood of January, 1862, there was very little 

 perceptible increase in the height of the water in San Fran- 

 cisco and Suisun Bays above the level of ordinary high tide. 

 But there was no flow of the tide ; a continual ebb of thick, 

 muddy water, poured out at the Golden Gate for weeks to- 

 gether, discoloring the sea to a distance of forty miles from 

 laud. In the bays the water became almost fresh, and the 

 planted oysters were killed by it in tbeir beds near Oak- 

 land. 



"We may presume, since thirty-six inches of water fell at 

 San Francisco from November to January inclusive, of 1861- 

 '62, that the same amount fell in all the low lands of the Sac- 

 ramento Basin, nearly one-half of its area. We may presume 

 further that the amount which fell at Sonora is a fair repre- 

 sentation of the amount which fell on the Sierra Xevada, one- 

 half of the area of the basin. But possibly snow, which has not 

 yet melted, formed one-third of the snow and rain which fell 

 on the Sierra Xevada. It is not, therefore, necessary to take 

 any account of that third, in this consideration of the flood of 

 1862 — v\'ritten, as it is, before the waters have g:oue down. 



