SOCIETY. 885 



its bed and then down stream so as to shut out the water from 

 part of the bed. ^- 



Vaquero (va kay' ro — vulgarly pronounced buc ca' ry), a 

 herdsman. 



Zanja (zan' ha), a ditch for irrigating agricultural land. 



Zanjero (zan hay' ro) a person whose duty it is to keep irri- 

 gating ditches in order. ""Among the officers of the city of Los 

 Angeles is a Zanjero. 



§ 268. Germans and Ft'ench. — The Germans of California 

 have generally become citizens and permanent residents of the 

 state, and most of them have learned the English language. 

 They have gymnastic clubs and singing societies in all the 

 larger towns. Most of the brewers and professional musicians 

 in the state are Germans ; and the Germans occupy a large 

 place among the cultivators of the ^"ine. The town of Ana- 

 heim, in Los Angeles county, was laid out by Germans, and 

 is almost exclusively populated by them. 



The French in Cahfornia, as a body, are not citizens, or per- 

 manent residents, and have not learned English. Some of the 

 largest bankers in San Francisco are Frenchmen, and the city 

 owes to Mr. Pioche, a French capitalist, some of its most val- 

 uable public enterprises, such as the Mission Railroad, the 

 Spring Valley Water "Works, and the pleasure resorts of 

 Hayes' Park and the Willows. 



§ 269. SjKuiish Califor?iians. — The people of Spanish blood 

 in the state are mostly natives of California, Mexico, and Chili. 

 As a class, they are poor and ignorant. The Mexicans and 

 Spaniards who came to California while Spain held dominion 

 of the country, brought few women with them, but took Li- 

 dian women for wives ; and the descendants of these women 

 form a large majority of the Spanish Californians. Among 

 the wealthier families, the Indian cast of countenance has al- 

 most disappeared. Although the features are thick, the expres- 

 sion of the face is mild and pleasant. The complexion rs dark, 

 and grows darker with age ; the hair is black and straight, the 

 eyes black, the cheeks ruddy. Many of the men are hand- 

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